Iimitha eziphuma emlilweni ... Impembelelo yemisebe engena ngaphakathi

Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto eziwonakalisayo zokuqhuma kweekliya (ukutshitshiswa kwe-wave, ukukhanya okukhanyayo, i-electromagnetic pulse, ukuchithwa kwe-radioactive komhlaba, i-radiation ionizing), inona yingozi kakhulu ithathwa ngokuba yimizila engenawo. Olu xhaphalo lwemitha ye-gamma, ehamba kunye nomlambo we-neutron, ophuma kwindawo yenyuka-nyukliya kwithuba elincinane - iiyunithi kunye neminithi yemizuzwana. Yona nto ebangela ukuphuhliswa kwesifo se-radiation.

Ionizing radiation

I-radiation ionizing, okanye i-radiation engenayo, ngumlambo we-photons, iinqununu zepulamente, iifom zefission zama-athomu ezinokukwazi ukulungisa izinto, oko kukuthi, ukuguqula i-athomu okanye i-molecule engathathi hlangothi. Ngenxa yolu "tshintsho", iinkqubo ze-physicochemical kunye ne-biological kwizinto eziphilayo nezixhobo ziphulwa, i-crystal lattice ishatywayo, kwaye isakhiwo se-molecular sitshintsha. Umda womonakalo emisebeni engena emncinci ungaphantsi kombane okhanya okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwegesi. Iyona yingozi kakhulu yimihlaba engaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezingama-2-3 ukusuka kwi-epicenter of explosion. Oku kubangelwa ukuba imilambo yeengqungquthela zephambili zixhaswa ngamandla ngomoya.

Ubume bemimandla engena emlilweni

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni imirhumo ebangela ukuqhuma kwenyukliya, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela uhlobo lwalo, nokwenza oku, ukujika kwisakhiwo se-athomu.

I-athomu yincinci encinci yento yamachiza, equkethe i-nucleus ne-electron ezijikelezayo. Ingundoqo, kwakhona, inamalungu amabini - iiproton ne-neutron. Iyokuqala inokuthi ihlawuliswe ngokufanelekileyo, i-second-neutral. Ngenxa yobukhulu bemilinganiselo yeeponononi kunye nee-elektrononi (ngexabiso elibi), i-athomu ngokubanzi i-electrical neutral. Ngenxa yesibhobholo se-athomu yombandela nge-neutron, i-nucleus iyahlula ibe ngamacandelo amabini, ikhulula umthamo omkhulu wamandla kwaye "ikhupha" iinqununu zepulamente. "I-splinter" i-neutron, iiponononi zihlasele enye i-nuclei, kwaye iphinda ihlule phakathi kwesiqingatha-ukusetyenziswa kwe-nyukliya okungalawulwayo.

Ngaloo ndlela, i-radiation engenayo ayifani nje kuphela kwinqanaba leengqungquthela zokuqala (ezingazange zihlangane nezinye iisuclei) kunye nomlinganiselo omkhulu wamandla-electromagnetic okanye i-gamma radiation.

Izizathu zokutshintsha isakhiwo somba

Utshintsho kwisakhiwo semba yeso sizathu esibalulekileyo sempembelelo engafanelekiyo yemisebe ye-ionizing kwiimfucu eziphilayo kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezingezizo eziphilayo. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yesibhobholo see-athomu zemiba ye-"breakeway" neutron. Ngenxa yesiphumo esinjalo, njengoko sele sichazile, i- nucleus iyahlula zibe zimbini.

Kodwa oku kwenzeka kakhulu kunqabile, ngenxa yokuba eli likhulu lamandla kufuneka libe nemiliza ephakathi. Oku kwaye kuphela oku kukwazi ukwahlula i-nucleus kwindawo ezinzile. Isizathu esona sitshintsho kwisakhiwo sombango siyakhupha i-atom ye-neutron. Ngenxa yoko, ubuninzi bomzimba bunciphisa, ukulingana kwe-electromagnetic ukuphazamiseka, kwaye ukwenzela ukuyibuyisela, i-electron inyanzelekile ukuba "ihambe" yayo.

Umlinganiso ubuyiselwe, kodwa i-athomu ithola inkokhelo efanelekileyo, ekubeni inani leeponononi zalo alizange liyeke - ionization yezinto zenzeka. Ngokucacileyo, ion iyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi efanayo ne-atom. Ngaphezu koko, iamolekyu ziba zizinzile, ziyahlula zibe zi-monomers. Yingakho umphumo weemitha zokungena emzimbeni unobungozi kumntu.

Ukugula kwemitha

Amanqanaba amakhulu emisebe ye-ionizing ininzi yeziganeko ziphazamisa ukugula kwemisebe-ukutshabalalisa, ukulimala kwezicubu ngombane. Inokuphuhliswa njengesiphumo sokukhawuleza kwexesha elifutshane kumayeza aphakamileyo, okanye ixesha elide elincinci. Ngokuhambelana nale nto, umonakalo unokuba nzima kwaye uyimfihlo. Kukho nawuphi na, isifo sinomphumo onobungozi kumzimba womntu. Kwixesha lokugula kwe-radiation echaphazelekayo, zonke iinkqubo zomzimba, okanye ilungu elithile, zihlupheka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umphumo weemitha eziphuma ngaphakathi "ugxila" kwi-rectum. Esi sifo sihambelana nokuhlanza okukhulu, isicupunu, isifo sohudo kunye nokuphelelwa ngumzimba. Ukongezelela, umzimba unetyhefu yimveliso yokubola kweeseli, iimlekyuli. Kuza ukuxiliswa ngokuqhelekileyo.

Ubungakanani bexesha elifihlayo lokugula kweemitha ezivela kwiintsuku eziliqela ukuya kwinyanga. Ngeli xesha, ixhoba eliphantse lingaziveki lidibene, kodwa emva koko kuza ukuphakama kwesi sifo. Kukho ukuxhatshazwa, izifo ezithathelwanayo zikhula, ukuveliswa kweeseli zegazi kunye nomnatha weethambo kuyancipha ngokukhawuleza, ukubola kwegazi kunye nokufa kubonakala.

Iimigaqo zokukhusela kumonakalo owenzakalisayo

Ixesha likhuselo eliphambili kwi-rayation. Kwiintsuku zokuqala emva kokuqhuma kwenyukliya, ubukhulu be-radiation buphezulu kakhulu kuneentsuku ezimbalwa emva koko. Oku kubangelwa ukuba zonke izinto zineendawo ezihlukileyo zokuphila-okokuqala, zikwabelana ngama-isotopu amafutshane (i-isotophi ezinobungozi kakhulu), kwaye kuphela emva kweengqungquthela ezisele. Ngaphezu koko, nganye iiyure ezisixhenxe iqondo lemisebe liyancipha kabini. Umgama ngowesibili into yokukhusela. Ukususwa okubini ukusuka kwi-epicenter ye-explosion kunciphisa umgangatho we-radiation ngamaxesha amane. Kodwa iinjongo eziphambili kunye neendlela ezifikelelekayo zokukhusela ukuhlola - ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo njengesithintelo phambi kokuhamba kweengqungquthela zepulamente. Iipropati ezikhuselekileyo zikhusela, insimbi, ikhonkrithi, izitena, umhlaba. Yingakho iindawo zokukhusela zihlelwe phantsi komhlaba, kwiindawo zokugcina izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo ze-monolithic.

Ukukhuselwa kokutya kwemitha

Ukukhuselwa kwimizila engena emzimbeni akubandakanyi kuphela ekudaleni imithintelo ye-neutron flux kunye ne-gamma radiation, kodwa nokukhusela iimveliso zokutya kwi-radionuclides. Into yokuqala okufuneka uyenze ukukhusela ukutya kunye namanzi - uwafake kwiqebunga elincinci. Le nto ingaba isikhwama se-cellophane, isitya seplastiki, izitya zetsimbi. Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuba imveliso yokubola ingakwazi ukuhlala ngokutya, uze ungene ngaphakathi komzimba.