I-US war and Japan: iminyaka, oonobangela yokulahlekelwa

Ngo-Agasti 1945 ukuhlasela naweebhombu ezibini zeathom emizini iHiroshima Nagasaki yaphela imfazwe lweminyaka 4 wePasifiki, iqela eziphambili ezibe Melika kunye Japan. Longquzulwano la magunya mabini kube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo Second World War kwaye kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu kwisiphumo yayo. Ngelo xesha, yaye namhlanje ukulingana kwamandla kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele ubukhulu becala ngenxa ezo ziganeko zamandulo.

Yintoni eyabangela ukuba umlilo Pacific

Isizathu sokuba eUnited States naseJapan yokulwa ubuxoki kwi ungquzulwano phakathi kwala mazwe, eyenza mandundu ku-1941, kunye uTokyo kwiinzame zokusombulula kuyo ngokusebenzisa zomkhosi. Le ayiphikisani mkhulu phakathi amagunya enamandla ihlabathi kwavele kwimiba enxulumene China kunye kummandla French Indochina - yangaphambili koloni French.

Unqabe isiphakamiso imfundiso ngurhulumente US of "iingcango zivulekile", Japan uye wafuna ulawulo ngokupheleleyo ezi mazwe, kwakunye endaweni yayo naseManchuria ngaphambili bambamba. Ngenxa yokuzinga eTokyo kwezi zinto ziqhutywe iintetho Washington phakathi kwamazwe zimbini kuyibonakalisile kusini na iziphumo.

Kodwa la mabango akayi zivinjwe eJapan. Tokyo, ucinga eUnited States, iBritani kunye namanye amagunya yobukoloniyali ziintshaba zabo, yonke imikhosi izama kuchithwe ukusuka eMzantsi Seas kunye mpuma Asia, yekiriva, ngoko ke imithombo ukutya nezinto ekrwada, kwintsimi yabo. Kwakumalunga 78% yemveliso yerabha jikelele wenziwe kule mimandla, 90% inkcenkce, nezinye ubutyebi ezininzi.

Ukuqala ungquzulwano

Ngu ekuqaleni kuka July 1941 umkhosi waseJapan, nangona uqhankqalazo ukusuka oorhulumente of America kunye Britain zayo, kuye kwenziwe iwuthimbe lo Kumazantsi Indochina, yaye emva kwexesha elifutshane, ukuza ekunene ukuya kufutshane kwiiPhilippines, Singapore, i-Dutch East Indies Malaya. Ukuphendula lo America iye wakuvala ukusasazwa ukungeniswa kwi Japan zonke izinto qhinga ngexesha elifanayo kuba kweendonga zayo frozen-asethi Japanese. Ngoko, kungekudala kwavuka imfazwe phakathi Japan kunye United States sisiphumo ungquzulwano lwezopolitiko Melika uzama ukusombulula ukwayo kwezoqoqosho.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amabhongo wamajoni eTokyo kwandiswa de isigqibo malunga iwuthimbe lo kummandla eSoviet Union. Oku ngoJulayi 1941 kule nkomfa komlawuli, uthe uMphathiswa kweMfazwe, Japan Tojo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ufanele ukuba aye kulwa ukuze abatshabalalise eSoviet Union kunye nokuthatha ulawulo lwezibonelelo zayo ubutyebi bendalo. Noko ke, ngelo xesha ezi zicwangciso ngokucacileyo abazange kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokungabikho igunya, isixa esininzi eyayithunyelwe ukulwa e China.

Intlekele of Pearl Harbor

US kunye Japan waqalisa imfazwe wahlasela enamandla kwisiseko waseMelika kwi Pearl Harbor wabangela kwiinqwelomoya kunye iinqanawa odibeneyo fleet Japanese, owawukhokelwa Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Kwathi ngoDisemba 7, 1941.

I American Isiseko lwaqhutywa ezimbini kuhlasela umoya, inxaxheba ngo 353 moya, amhluba ukusuka lophethe moya-6. Isiphumo sale hlaselo, impumelelo leyo ubukhulu becala ekufanele bayifumane Wamangaliswa, kangangokuba isityumzi ukuba yeni inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-US Navy yaye ngokwenene yintlekele.

Ngexesha elifutshane utshaba moya ngqo kwi alala 4 kakhulu ezinamandla Zempi US Navy zatshatyalaliswa, apho 2 kuphela ubunzima obukhulu akwazi kwakhona emva kwemfazwe. Okuninzi iinqanawa 4 olu hlobo walimala kakhulu yaye phakade.

Ngaphezu koko, baye batshoniswe okanye kakhulu ezonakeleyo abonakalisi 3, cruisers 3 umaleko enye zam. Ngenxa yotshaba bombardment of baseMerika kuyalahleka moya 270 emi mzuzu kwi aerodrome konxweme phezu kwayo abathwali moya. On top of oku zatshatyalaliswa inomzimba kunye namafutha amatanki, piers, wokulungisa iyadi izityalo namandla.

Kodwa ntlekele eliyinhloko nelahleko ebonakalayo kwabasebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, umoya kuhlasela yaseJapan wabulala 2,404 yabantu kunye 11.779 balimala. Emva koko, iziganeko ezinkulu waseUnited States wathi imfazwe kwi Japan kunye ngokusesikweni wajoyina i-anti-uHitler womanyano.

qhubela phambili amabutho Japanese

Intlekele e Pearl Harbor, wehla inxalenye enkulu US Navy, yaye njengoko azinakulawuleka yaseBritani, Australian kwaye Dutch ayikwazanga ukwenza up imikhosi aselwandle of Japan ukhuphiswano kakhulu, yena ufumene noludumileyo bokwexeshana wePasifiki. Eminye butha Tokyo ezakhokelela nozimanya ngokupheleleyo kunye Thailand, isivumelwano yomkhosi esatyikitywa ngoDisemba 1941.

US kunye Japan, imfazwe lanomfutho yaye yazisa amchasa ekuqaleni urhulumente Roosevelt. Ukususela ngoDisemba 25, imigudu emanyeneyo Japan kunye Thailand ikwazile ukucinezela kweelana imikhosi yaseBritani Hong Kong, kwaye amaMelika wanyanzelwa izixhobo kunye nempahla ilahle, ukuba baphume ukusuka neziseko zazo kwiziqithi angabamelwane.

De ekuqaleni kuka May 1942 impumelelo emkhosini ngabafundi ephelekwa ngumkhosi waseJapan kunye waselwandle, okwenza ukuba uMlawuli Hirohito ukuba alawule imimandla enkulu ziquka kwiiPhilippines, Java, Bali, inxalenye Solomon Islands kunye New Guinea, British Malaya kunye Dutch East Indies. ibanjwa Japanese ngoxa kukho malunga 130 eliwaka. imikhosi yaseBritani.

Zaguquka apha ekuhambeni ngamajoni

Imfazwe US eJapan waba uphuhliso eyahlukileyo kuphela emva kwedabi elwandle phakathi azinakulawuleka zabo, nto leyo yenzekile May 8, 1942 kuLwandle Coral. Ngeli xesha eUnited States ulonwabele ngokupheleleyo inkxaso anti-uHitler angalawuliyo namahlakani imikhosi.

Le idabi wehla embalini njengoko wokuqala apho ngeenqanawa utshaba musa ukuthetha omnye komnye, endingalenzanga edubuleyo owodwa kwaye babone nganye enye. Yonke imisebenzi zomkhosi yenziwa kuphela ngokusekelwe kwezi-moya Aviation yomkhosi. Kwaba lanje wengxabano amaqela amabini yenethiwekhi idabi.

Nangona yokuba indlela yokulwa namnye amaqela aphikisanayo ayizange ibenze uloyiso ecacileyo, sethubeni Noko ke, ecaleni Amanyeneyo. Okokuqala, le mpi ulwandle wayeka nempumelelo, ngelo xesha, ukukhuthazwa yomkhosi Japanese, awanyakazela ngayo imfazwe e-United States kunye Japan kwimpumelelo esemthe-, yaye, okwesibini, bubungakanani ekubulaleni zithuthi Japanese emfazweni elilandelayo, owenzeka ngo Juni 1942 kule ndawo iRose Midway.

I-Sea Coral waye zitshone yi ezimbini ezinkulu moya Japanese yenethiwekhi - "Shokaku" yaye "Zuikaku". It zaphumela i-Imperial Navy ilahleko noqhekeko, nto leyo ngamlomo US kunye namahlakani ayo kwidabi yomkhosi wamanzi elandelayo baphinde bakuthembe zemfazwe kwi wePasifiki.

Iinzame ukugcina lokoyisa endala

Ukulahlekelwa Midway 4 ngaphezulu abathwali moya, 248 ukulwa moya kunye nabaqhubi yabo intle, Japan salahlekelwa nekhono lokuqhubeka isebenze ngokufanelekileyo elwandle ngaphandle imimandla kukugubungela moya eselunxwemeni-based, nto leyo kuye yintlekele ngokwenene. Emva koko, imikhosi uMlawuli Hirohito ukuba akwazi ukufezekisa nawuphi na impumelelo enkulu, yaye yonke imizamo yabo ejoliswe ukugcina imimandla yanqoba ngaphambili. Ngelo xesha imfazwe phakathi Japan kunye United States nangoku kude ukugqitywa.

Ngexesha ukulwa bamagazi enzima, yathatha Kwiinyanga ezi-6 ezizayo, ngoFebruwari 1943, imikhosi American bakwazi ukufaka kwisiqithi Guadalcanal. Olu loyiso yaba ukuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso-qhinga ukwenzela ukukhusela convoys phakathi eUnited States, Australia nase-New Zealand. Kwixesha elizayo, kude kube sekupheleni US kunye norhulumente encedisayo wathabatha ulawulo lukaSolomon, kunye Aleutian Islands, inxalenye yasentshona kwisiqithi New Britain,-kumzantsi mpuma New Guinea, kwakunye Gilbert Islands, ezibe yinxalenye thanga yaseBritani.

Ngowe-1944, i-United States kunye Japan, imfazwe wathabatha vuhlayiseki. Ekubeni ediniwe inegalelo emkhosini kwaye ungabinayo amandla okuqhubeka imisebenzi ekhubekisayo, umkhosi uMlawuli Hirohito kaThixo ingqalelo yonke imikhosi yawo ukuziphendulela imimandla kuthinjwa ngaphambili of China kanti, enika liphulo ngakumbi ezandleni yotshaba. Oku kuye kwabangela iqela ukoyiswa. Ngenxa yoko, ngoFebruwari 1944, i yaseJapan kwanyanzeleka ukuba nibuye umva le Marshall, yaye kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva - ukuya Mariana Islands. NgoSeptemba, bashiya New Guinea, yaye ngo-Oktobha, ezilahlekileyo ulawulo lwe Caroline Islands.

Ukuwa umkhosi loMlawuli Hirohito

US nemfazwe Japanese (1941-1945) kwakhokelela ngo-Oktobha 1944 xa imigudu odibeneyo namahlakani wenziwa operation noloyiso ebeleni. Ukongeza i-US Army, kwathiwa kuyo semkhosini Australia ne Mexico. Eyona njongo yawo eyayiqhelekile ukukhululwa kwiiPhilippines ukusuka yaseJapan.

Ngenxa yale mfazwe, wamiselwa ngo-Oktobha 23-26, e Leyte Gulf, Japan baphulukana uninzi weenqanawa yayo. ukulahlekelwa balo 4 carrier 3 Zempi, 11 abonakalisi, cruisers kunye 10 2 ngwenya. Philippines baba ngokupheleleyo ezandleni Amanyeneyo, kodwa ukungqubana manqapha waqhubeka kude kube sekupheleni Second World War.

Kulo nyaka, unandipha kratya liphela lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu kunye nezixhobo, imikhosi US ziye zaqhutywa ngempumelelo ukususela ngoFebruwari 20 ukuya kuMatshi 15 ukusebenza ukufaka Iwo Jima siqithi, yaye ukususela ngo-Apreli-1 ukuya kuJuni 21 - Okinawa. Bobabini fanele eJapan, yaba isiseko elula ngogwayimbo umoya emizini yayo.

Ingakumbi ezitshabalalisayo yaba alingenele Tokyo, i-US Air Force Kwaqaliswa 9-10 Matshi 1945. Ngenxa yoko aseMelika enkulu, oko ingqalelo emanxuweni amawaka 250. Izakhiwo, wambulala malunga ne-100 lamawaka. Abantu, uninzi lwabo abahlali. Kwangaxesha nye, eUnited States naseJapan, imfazwe yabalasela kokuqala yomkhosi encedisayo waseBurma, yaye ukukhululwa elandelayo ukusuka kule imisebenzi Japanese.

Eyokuqala kwimbali aseMelika atomic

Emva kokuba August 9, 1945, imikhosi yaseSoviet lasungula yosizi naseManchuria, sasingakwazi kucacile ukuba eli phulo Pacific, kwaye nalo ke imfazwe (1945), Japan - US ugqityiwe. Noko ke, nangona oku, urhulumente US uthathe inyathelo kungekho analogue kungabi ngaphambili okanye kule minyaka ilandelayo. aseMelika Nuclear yenziwa ngomyalelo wakhe sezixeko Japanese ka iHiroshima Nagasaki.

Ibhombu yeathom ilahliwe kusasa-6 Agasti 1945 kwi eHiroshima. Uye wanikela US Air Force B-29 bomber, wamzalela igama Enola Gay emva labasebenzi unina umphathi - Colonel Paul Tibetsa. Ezabo efanayo kakhulu ngokuba Little Boy, elithetha - "The Kid." Nangona igama lakhe uthando, ezabo unamandla 18 kilotons ka TNT, wambulala, ngokutsho uqikelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukusuka 95 ukuya 160 lamawaka. Man.

Emva kweentsuku ezintathu, kulandele esinye ngaphezulu iziqhushumbisi atomic. Eli xesha ekujoliswe wakhe Nagasaki. AmaMelika uthambekele ukunika amagama iinqanawa nje kuphela okanye iinqwelo-, kwaye nkqu iziqhushumbisi, ebizwa ngokuba Fat Man - «Fat Man". Wandihlangula le umbulali amandla wayelingana kilotons 21 TNT B-29 Bockscar, yalila umthetho yi Charles Sweeney ogama. Eli xesha baneminyaka ephakathi 60 no-80 amawaka. Abantu.

Emuva Japan

Le Njengokungeniswa iziqhushumbisi, eyaphelela iminyaka yemfazwe US-beya kubulawa kunye iJapan yaba bukhulu kangangokuba iNkulumbuso Kantaro Suzuki ubhenele kuMhlekazi Hirohito, ingxelo malunga imfuneko ekumeni yokuqala yonke impi. Ngenxa yoko, njengokuba kudala njengoko iintsuku ezi-6 emva kokuba kuhlaselwa yesibini atomic, Japan yabhengeza ukuba uzinikele yayo ngoSeptemba 2 nyaka mnye isenzo sisayinwe. Ukusayinwa kwale xwebhu zembali yaphela imfazwe eUnited States - (. 1941-1945 gg) Japan. Waba isenzo sokugqibela Second World War.

Ngokutsho iingxelo, ilahleko US kwi imfazwe yaseJapan yaba 296 929 abantu. Kwezi, 169 635 - amajoni namagosa iiyunithi emhlabeni, yaye 127.294 - Navy kunye Marine. Ngelo xesha kwi imfazwe nxamnye kaHitler Germany 185 994 baseMerika ubulewe.

Ingaba Melika ilungelo ukunikezela uqhankqalazo zenyukliya ayenalo?

Kuyo yonke le minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, ngokuvunyiweyo kufe phezu ukufaneleka kunye semthethweni lezimangalo zenyukliya, kwabona ngexesha imfazwe (1945), Japan - i US waye sele kumbovu zigqitywe. Njengoko uninzi ziingcali ngamazwe, kulo mzekelo, umbuzo obalulekileyo kukuba ingaba iziqhushumbisi, yabulala amashumi amawaka abantu kufuneka asayine isivumelwano kwi emuva eJapan ngokwemigaqo eyamkelekileyo urhulumente kaMongameli Garri Trumena, yaye kwakukho nezinye iindlela ukuze kufikelelwe isiphumo oyifunayo?

Abaxhasi iziqhushumbisi bathi ukuba ngenxa yale tihanyi kakhulu, kodwa kufanelekile, ngokoluvo lwabo, i Amanyathelo ukunyanzela uMlawuli Hirohito ukuba anikezele, lo gama uyaku- imibingelelo efanayo, ekugqibeleni edityaniswe kuhlaselo oluzayo lwe imikhosi US eJapan, kwaye ukugaleleka imikhosi kwi kwisiqithi Kyushu.

Ukongeza, akhokelela i manani impikiswano, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba nyanga nganye yemfazwe sakhatshwa ilahleko omkhulu Iwabemi kumazwe ndawo Japan. Ngokukodwa, kuqikelelwa ukuba phezu lonke ixesha lokuhlala butho Japanese eTshayina ukusuka-1937 ukuya 1945 abantu batshabalala qho ngenyanga malunga namawaka 150. Man. Ipateni efanayo lungabonakala nakwezinye iindawo ekuhlaleni Japanese.

Ngoko ke, kulula ukubala ukuba ngaphandle ugwayimbo enyukliya, nto leyo eyanyanzelisa urhulumente Japanese ukuba uzinikele kuye ngoko nangoko, ngenyanga nganye ezilandelelanayo mfazwe kuthwalelwa kude ubuncinane 250 lamawaka. Ubomi, kude lagqithisa inani lamaxhoba iziqhushumbisi.

Kulo mba, ngoku uphila umzukulwana uMongameli Garri Trumena - Deniel Trumen - ngo-2015, ngomhla we konyaka-asixhenxe isikhumbuzo iziqhushumbisi atom ka iHiroshima Nagasaki wakhumbula ukuba utatomkhulu wakhe de ekupheleni kwemihla aguquka kulahlwa, ukuba ndibanike wavakalisa ukuchaneka ukuqina yesigqibo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ibe ubukhulu becala olukhawulezisiweyo ekupheleni ungquzulwano wamajoni, Japan - US. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II angahlala kakuhle iinyanga eziliqela, ukuba amanyathelo kakhulu yolawulo US.

Abachasi le mbono

abachasi iziqhushumbisi, bona bathi ngaphandle kwazo eUnited States Japan kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II balahlekelwa kakhulu, nelenyuse ngeendleko amaxhoba phakathi umphakathi kwezi zixeko zibini bachaphazeleka kuhlaselwa yenyukliya lulwaphulo-mthetho imfazwe, yaye kuthetha ukuba ubunqolobi karhulumente.

Le okubi kunye nokuhlasela non-nuclear wenza iingxelo izazinzulu ezininzi American, ngubani ngokobuqu inxaxheba kuphuhliso yezi zixhobo ezibulalayo. Le yokuqala nabagxeki bakhe bavelele American yamachiza yenyukliya Albert Einstein kunye Leo Szilard. Emva ngo 1939 ababebhale ileta edibeneyo US President Roosevelt, apho banike uhlolo yokuziphatha yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya.

NgoMeyi 1945, iingcali esixhenxe ephambili American kwinkalo yophando enyukliya, ikhokelwa ngu Dzheymsom Frankom nabo bamthumela umyalezo zakhe intloko karhulumente. Kuyo, oosonzululwazi ekubonise ukuba eUnited States yaqulunqa ukusetyenziswa yokuqala isixhobo, oko yayiya yakhe inkxaso ngamazwe, iya kunika umfutho iingalo ubuhlanga nokujongela amathuba elizayo ukuze ulawulo lonke phezu kolu hlobo izixhobo.

Icala yezopolitiko komba

Ukushiya le iingxoxo malunga ukufaneleka kwesicelo wamajoni kuhlaselwa zeathom imizi Japanese, kufanele kuphawulwe, omnye ngaphezulu kusenokwenzeka isizathu sokuba urhulumente US uye wagqiba kweli nyathelo obukhulu. Sithetha malunga ibonisa amandla ukuze nefuthe iinkokheli eSoviet Union kunye Stalin ngokobuqu.

Xa, emva kokuphela Second World War, yaba yinkqubo ye ngokutsha of iinkalo yempembelelo phakathi amagunya emikhulu, lokoyiswa ngaphambi iJamani yamaNazi, Truman wakufumanisa kuyimfuneko ukubonisa ihlabathi okwangoku inako amakhulu kwezomkhosi.

Isiphumo izenzo zakhe kugqatso ngeengalo, ekuqaleni IMfazwe kunye edume ludilike KuloMgabuli ihlabathi ibe ziinxalenye ezimbini. Kwelinye icala abantu ezisemthethweni eSoviet ubuxoki emadolweni ngokubasongela, kuthiwa ukusuka 'eyinkunzi ihlabathi "zisathe, ndadala eshukumayo malunga imfazwe Japan kunye US, kwelinye icala akazange ningadinwa ukuthetha ngalo" ibhere Russian "awusebenzisileyo wesintu efanayo kunye nemilinganiselo yobuKristu. Ngoko ke, lo izandi ibhombu atom ekupheleni kwemfazwe kwi imizi Japanese, amashumi ezininzi, waphinda kulo lonke ihlabathi.