Huguenot - ngubani na le nto? Huguenot nangamaProtestanti. Huguenot e France

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XVI ukumkani eFransi abatyhubela ngamaxesha anzima. Italian War, leyo eyaphela ngo boyisiwe, kwakhokelela kwingxaki kakhulu amandla kunye noqoqosho. neenkosi French ababaluleke kwi kwizikhundla eziphezulu nomhlaba omtsha kunye nezigcaliselo imfazwe badana gqitha yaye ucatshukiswa ukuphanza. Zonke izityholo zabo bawa phezu kokumkani ngamagosa akhe. Emva kwemfazwe, basebukhosini ucishe zonakale. Ngoko ke, izikhulu, ngokukhawuleza intshukumo ye Huguenot, ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukuxhasa ze bayisebenzise ngokuchasene norhulumente kazwelonke ngeenzame ukuphumeza minyinyiva ezininzi ngokwabo. Ngoko ke ngubani na Huguenot e France? Impendulo yalo mbuzo inokufunyanwa kwinqaku.

AmaKatolika namaProtestanti

BaseYurophu Western abazibiza ubuKatolika, kodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI yaba ukunganeliseki ekhulayo phakathi abathembekileyo kumsitho ukuziphatha yeCawa zeli tyala. Baqiniseka ukuba uPope neqembu yakhe ayiyicingi kuphela ukuqinisa indlela amandla abo kuba nemali engakumbi. Ebonisa yokunyoluka ukunyoluka, ngaloo ababingeleli wamisela umzekelo embi amarhamente. Le ukunganeliseki kukhokelele kwinto yokuba kukho intshukumo omtsha obizwa uHlaziyo. Injongo yakhe ukutshintsha inkqubo yebandla lamaKristu. Abantu abajoyine le ntshukumo babebizwa, ngenxa yokuba akazange avumelane imeko yangoku bemicimbi.

Ukuvela mkhuba entsha

Huguenot - a French zamaProtestanti XVI-XVII iinkulungwane. Yokuqala kubo babebizwa amaLuthere emva seal German Martina Lyutera, owayehlala kwisixeko eWittenberg. Ngowe-1517 wenza uludwe equlathe amanqaku 95, nto leyo iya kufakwa kwi emnyango ecawa yakhe. Olu xwebhu ayengaseleki kuphela ababingeleli ngamnye, kodwa ibe uhlobo logwayimbo-nkqubo ephosakeleyo lonke Roman Catholic Church.

ULuther wayeqinisekile ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokuba uphando oluzimeleyo iZibhalo. Ngenxa yoko, waguqulela iBhayibhile lesiLatini German. Yena lowo wokuqala, yaye emva kwakhe iZibhalo waqala ukuzivakalisa kwezinye iilwimi.

Njengoko kwakulindelekile, yamaKatolika iCawa wabalahla Luther. Okumangalisayo, kwaye kwaxhaswa ngabantu nje abaqhelekileyo, kodwa ezinye abalawuli eYurophu. Ngoko ke, i IsiNgesi uKumkani uHenry VIII wagqiba ukuba umntu amale umfazi wakhe aze atshate Anne Boleyn. Kodwa Pope akazange ukunika imvume yokwenza njalo, njalo umlawuli eNgilani ukuluphelisa ulwalamano kunye kwiVatican, waza wathi yena intloko leCawa kwilizwe labo.

Emva seal yaseJamani yaqala ukuvela kunye nabanye abantu okuqinileyo, abo bathi ekwabelwana iingcamango yoHlaziyo. Ngenxa yoku, UbuProtestanti iintsingiselo ezininzi. Ukuba e Germany la makholwa babebizwa amaLuthere, isiFrentshi Huguenot - a bakaCalvin. Igama ukholo awawafumana John Calvin (1509-1564). Yena waba wezakwalizwi odumileyo isiFrentshi, kunye nemibhalo yakhe ziyafumaneka uyakwazi ukuchaza zonke iinkalo ukholo lwamaKristu.

I Kufuneka utshilo okokuba emva kokuba ukwahlukana enjalo amaKatolika athembekileyo ahlukunyezwe kwaye akuxhome amaProtestanti, kunye nabanye, nayo, waqalisa ukuhlasela abalandeli Pope. Kodwa qiniseka ukuba ubunzima siyabanyanzela iintshaba zabo, ukuba asindise imiphefumlo yabo ukusuka kuthuthunjiswa ngonaphakade esihogweni.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ubuProtestanti waqalisa ukusasaza lonke eFransi. First Huguenot - indoda zonqulo, ngubani ekwabelwana iimbono le nkolo entsha. Akwazi ukuba ummeli nje okanye oongxowankulu, kwakunye ngozalelwe kuloo wabanumzana, izikhulu feudal. Kamva, le mfundiso ezandisiweyo. Xa 60s zenkulungwane XVI. kunye 20 kwinkulungwane XVII. Huguenot - oku nje umntu yonqulo, yena wayevela zonqulo yezopolitiko iqela lonke Calvin.

Icandelo bangamaqela amabini

Ukuqhambuka impi eFransi negalelo ubuthathaka iindlalifa Henry II. Oonyana bakhe - uFrançois II, owayelawula unyaka omnye kuphela (1559-1560), uCharles IX (1560-1574) kunye Henry III (1574-1589), kaninzi iba njengesixhobo ngamayelenqe ukuba yahlanganisa enye inkundla ngabafo nganye wobukhosi.

UCharles IX wenyuka etroneni eneminyaka elishumi, kwaye ibamba ngumama wakhe - n Medichi, obelawula kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Ngu gqira, zonke iinkosi ezinkulu feudal yahlulwe kumaqela enkolo ezopolitiko enamandla ezimbini. Enye aziingangamsha phezu kwicala ebe. Ayesithi ubuKatolika. Kwicala kwabo kwakukho naye n Medichi - imvelaphi Italian. Enye inxalenye yezikhulu behlelo phikisa amelwe i Huguenot party, apho ikhokelwe Bourbons, Admiral Coligny kunye uKumkani yaseNavarre. Ndimele nditsho ukuthi kwinkundla kwakukho abathile Abezopolitiko abangazange ukujoyina nayiphi na amaqela alwayo. Bazama ukubalelana iintshaba, nto leyo into Huguenot namaKatolika.

qala izimpi

Matshi 1, 1562 kwidolophu encinane Vassy iNkosana owazenza kunye nabaxhasi bakhe bexhobile ngesiquphe ehlasela abantu bahlanganisana emthandazweni. Zizo ezo Huguenot, abakwazi ukuba alwe namaKatolika perfidious. Emva isiganeko exhobileyo baqalisa naleyo ivulekileyo. Yayibizwa ngokuba iimfazwe Huguenot (1562-1598 gg.). Bambulala Antuan De Bourbon kunye Fransua De ebe. Ukususela kulaa mzuzu ukuya phambili imfazwe, apho yazinyaswa ziintshaba ezingenanceba - i Huguenot namaKatolika - iye yaguquka yaba kuthotho lweziganeko ezibuhlungu, vvergshih France udushe.

sokubeka okwethutyana

Enye impi eyaphela ngo 1570. Yaba longquzulwano yonqulo nezopolitiko wanyikima lonke eli lizwe. Imfazwe wabeka Saint-Germain uxolo. Ngokutsho oku, Huguenot French walungisa inkululeko yonqulo nolawulo eziliqela ezinde ezinamandla.

Loo mvano wazisa lizwe igcwele nokwaneliseka nabantu bayo, kodwa Awesome kwabangela ukunganeliseki Amanene amaKatolika, ingakumbi, kusapho ngesebe - intsapho yamandulo French, ehamba encothula, esuka Carolingian.

Impembelelo ekhulayo kwinkundla

inkokeli wamaProtestanti yaba Admiral de Coligny. Huguenot hi ku tiyiseka, yena yaqukwa kwi-Council of State, osebenza phantsi uCharles IX Valois. De Coligny, ogama impembelelo kwinkundla olugoso, ukomeleza ngakumbi eli uxolo ekukudala ilindelwe, baqiniseka ukumkani ukuba amalungiselelo umtshato phakathi Margaritoy De Valois kunye Henry yaseNavarre.

Admiral Coligny waba ngumpolitiki enkulu kunye namazwe, enqwenela ukuchuma ukuya elizweni labo. Wayefuna France ukuba unamandla, kodwa yamaKatolika Spain, kuqwalaselwe ngexesha ukumkanikazi kweelwandle, musa ukuvumela oku kwenziwe. Admiral wacebisa ukumkani ukunika uncedo yomkhosi i-Dutch amaProtestanti, ngubani lwa ukuzimela kwabo. Wayesazi ukuba xa uCharles IX uyavuma ukuba imfazwe ne Spain akunakuphepheka. Kodwa Coligny wayesazi ukuba asimanye i Huguenot namaKatolika, njengoko iimfuno zesizwe ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye.

N Medichi (1519-1589 GG.), Unina Ukumkani mfana, yakhathazeka kakhulu ukuba yempembelelo Huguenot kwinkundla ngakumbi kunye nokunyuka ngakumbi. Akazange afune imfazwe kunye namaKatolika Spanish. I uNina wayevakalelwa ukuba isenzo esinjalo bandiqumbise nozipho yesizwe. Xa imfazwe, uPhapha, bonke yamaKatolika Europe kungaba up ezingalweni nxamnye eFransi.

Izizathu ekufeni

Ngowe-1572, enye amalinge okumanyanisa amaqela amabini usilwa senziwa. Siye necebo ngawo udade uKumkani uCharles i IX - Margaret of Valois - yaba ukutshata Protestant Genriha Navarrskogo. Ngoko ke, lo emtshatweni iphele gazi eFransi, kwaye imfazwe le Huguenot kunye namaKatolika oku kuphela.

Umshado ukuba kuqhutyelwa Agasti 18. Kwaba kuyo ngawo onke Huguenot amanene. Abaninzi kubo bahlala okwethutyana entliziyweni eParis, apho kwaku ikhaya wabanumzana yamaKatolika. AmaProtestanti ukuthi wajonga nje Noluyolo xa kuthelekiswa nabo, yaye oku kwabangela ukunganeliseki okukhulu phakathi kwabantu ezidolophini, nto leyo, ngenxa irhafu aphezulu kunye namaxabiso okutya abakwazi kuphila ngokunjalo. kumtshato osisityebi isizathu ukungoneliseki, njengoko eninzi imali echithwa kwintlangano yayo, wathabatha, Kakade ke, ukususela izipaji kunye berhafu ukuze ahlwempuzekileyo. Ngoko ke, ngokuthe ngcembe shushu de imeko e Paris yayina.

Ukubulala Admiral de Coligny

Imeko Umzi ixesha, yaye akazange kade ukuba basebenzise yentsapho ebe. Sikunye Ekaterinoy Medichi, zilungelelaniswe icebo lokubulala de Coligny. Amabini anesibini ku-Agasti 1572, Admiral wadlula indlu, ezibiza, yena uhlatywe kwi obethe ingalo adubula ekunene phandle ngefestile. Ukubulawa umzamo, eli xesha akuphumelelanga. Kodwa amaKatolika Ndandingazimiselanga ukuba ashiye izicwangciso zabo. Agasti 24 ubusuku isihlwele samadoda nomsindo axhobileyo atyhoboza, angena endlwini, apho wabulawa kabuhlungu Huguenot Admiral Coligny. Lulwaphulo-mthetho, luze lumakishwe isiqalo zeziganeko lavakala kweli lizwe liphela. Yaqala phantsi ke into Huguenot wamagazi ebusuku.

Kubulawa of St. Bartholomew

Ukufika kuloo mtshato e Paris, abaxhasi Genriha Navarrskogo ebusuku ukusuka th-23 ukuya ku-Agasti 24, 1572 zaye ngenkohlakalo zibulawa. Le Ukubulawa olukhohlakeleyo i Huguenot eFransi, kwabulawa malunga 3 amawaka. Man.

Kwaye konke yaqala nesibakala sokuba n Medichi wakwazi ukuba inkosi ikholwe eliyinkunzi iyelenqe nxamnye naye amaProtestanti. Yena emxelela ukuba kuyimfuneko kutshabalalisa bonke bakwaYuda, abathatha inxaxheba kulo. Ukumkani zinto kuba ukweyisela kamama. Ngoko nangoko kulandela ukuze ndiwuxinzelele ukulwa lokulungela epheleleyo lonke entolongweni, kwakunye kukuvalwa emasangweni.

Xa Kwazeka oko malunga kokubulawa Coligny, phezu eParis wankqonkqoza intsimbi alarm. Wakhonza amaKatolika umqondiso wokuqalisa amanyathelo. Bonke babaleka esitratweni ephethe umpu, waza waqalisa ngobusuku Huguenot. Izihlwele abemi ngumsindo atyhoboza, angena endlwini, wababulala bonke abo wayefuna ukuba yamaKatolika. Xa ngobu busuku , kuphela amaProtestanti ubunzima. Abanamatyala babulala ababolekisi babo abafuna ukuziphindezelela - wakhokelela isigwebo sakhe. Madoda, esebenzisa mzuzwana, ukubatshabalalisa okukruqulayo abafazi kunye nabathandi - ngokuthintela madoda. Isizathu soku yaba Huguenot, eSt yakwaBartholomew elisuke laba zakutshanje ebomini babo. Zonke ebumnyameni, ukuba zimbelwe nzulu umphefumlo womntu, ngesiquphe Ekutyhobozeni kwalo, yaye kwanya idolophu isigqubuthelo wamagazi.

Ekubeni kwabulawa abantu Huguenot eParis kwenzeka ngobusuku phambi kokuba ifike imini St. uBhartolomeyu, isiganeko wehla embalini phantsi igama St. Bartholomew.

bacchanalia

Nokuza kokusa, ukubulala akayekanga ukuzanga kakhulu. N Medichi kungabi kulindeleke ukuba phuhliso. Uye wayecebe kutshabalalisa kuphela iinkokeli Huguenot isebenza, kodwa konke okuhambe ngokungalunganga. Esi sixeko yaqala kwamaJuda zamihla. abemi abaqhelekileyo ezisezingeni wabulala amashumi amakhulu, kwaye akusekho kuxhomekeke unqulo lwabo. Zonke nababulali, amasela nezihange baphuma ezikhundleni zabo, eziva angohlwaywa.

Abasemagunyeni phakathi komzi bekungenjalo mome iveki yonke. Oonogada nangokomyinge nezaphuli baphanga wonke. Ezi nketho baba amajoni kuphela kuzigcina, owahlala ethembekile umthetho ukumkani, kodwa ukubuyisela ukuze kwindawo yabo ngokwaneleyo.

Imiphumela St. Bartholomew

Iziphithiphithi kunye zaqalwa ezenzeka kwi komkhulu, zanixa- ukusabela chain. Huguenot namaProtestanti zabulawa endle, hayi kuphela eParis, kodwa lonke France - Bordeaux, Orleans, Lyon, Rouen kunye nezinye izixeko.

Ukubuyisela ulawulo lomthetho, wabeka lizwe ukuze, ngokwemiyalelo uKumkani uCharles IX waseFransi kuwo onke amaphondo kunye nemizi bethunyelwe ukuya kuxwebhu. Yathi ukuba ukubulawa iinkokeli abangamaProtestanti wathabatha indawo imvume okuthiwa iye yakunceda ukunqanda ezinye iyelenqe anti-karhulumente. Ukongeza, kwabhengezwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba inkululeko yonqulo akukho irhoxisiwe.

Huguenot ezininzi amaProtestanti, basaba ukusuka ugonyamelo, washiya ummandla eFransi, njengoko ngenxa yempembelelo kwabo kweli lizwe iye buthathaka.

Ishade Marguerite de Valois, uHenry yaseNavarre wasinda. Kodwa ukuze asindise ubomi, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuguqula kubuKatolika. Umzekelo wakhe kwalandela uHenry Conde.

Ngexesha ukuzinkcinkca ubuncinane 5 lamawaka. Abantu babulawa. Kodwa ke, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, eli nani liphezulu kakhulu, kwi-30 amawaka. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inani ngqo lwamaxhoba akwaziwa.

War of the Henry ezintathu

Emva kwabulawa le Huguenot imfazwe zange ayeke. Bazidiliza ngaphandle ngamandla ngakumbi, nto kweli lizwe asentshona esemazantsi ndahlula kumantla eFransi. Kube sele udale Huguenot omtsha umbutho karhulumente, ukulawula iirhuluneli phakathi yezikhulu yasekuhlaleni. Ziyinto kakhulu yaye bangenelwa kulo "okuzimela".

Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-70s, njengoko kuchasene amaProtestanti kumantla eFransi, umanyano yaququzelelwa, ngokuba Catholic League. Intloko yakhe yaba Genrih GIZ. Le League ulawulo lukarhulumente, ibekwe eParis, kungenjalo ke injongo kaKumkani uHenry III ukuba bagqibe isgqibo kunye Huguenot.

Kule 80 yee kwakhona longquzulwano kwamaqela amabini zonqulo ezazingasombululeki mandundu. Waziqhekeza ungquzulwano entsha phakathi yeendlalifa etroneni, ngokuba War of ezintathu Henry (1585-1589), njengoko ubuhanjelwe French ukumkani Henry III (Valois), Genrih Burbon (Navarre) kunye Genrih GIZ.

Unobangela ingxabano yabo ingxelo yokugqibela ukuba intsapho yakhe unelungelo ngakumbi kwetrone ngaphezu kwabanye, ekubeni ngukhokho Karl Veliky ngokwakhe. Isibakala sokuba Henry III ezazingazange indlalifa, ngoko ke amalungu League ifuna avume Giza igosa ezihlangwini kwitrone kuye. Kangangokuba, ngo-1588, uKumkani waqalisa ukutsala ndawonye bonke abantu abanyanisekileyo kwikomkhulu. Injongo wabo ukubanjwa Henry ngesebe kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Oku wafunda ligovtsy yaye aququzelela mvukelo e Paris nxamnye nokumkani ngokwakhe.

UHenry III kwafuneka ukuba abalekele Chartres. ke apho, wakhawula icebo wengcibi: bameme Giza inelungelo ngenjongo loxolelaniso. League, weza kukumkani ngoDisemba 22, 1588, kodwa wagwazwa ngamajoni. Phezu ukufunda obo bumenemene, ikomkhulu engavumi ukuthobela Valois waza waba ngumzi-republic. Umzekelo wayo yalandelwa ngabanye.

King waqonda ukuba lizwe iphelelwa, yaye ngoko nangoko wathi Genriha Navarrskogo angene ezihlangwini zakhe. Abizelwe emkhosini inkxaso macala kunye wangena isivumelwano, ezimbini ukumkani, kwanempi yakhe, waya eParis. Kodwa Henry III akazange abuyele elikomkhulu - wambulala 1 Agasti kunyaka 1589. Ngokufa kwakhe, ubukhosi Valois iye yaphela. Enyukele itrone uKumkani yaseNavarre, owaba ngumlawuli omtsha France - Henry IV. Ekubeni ukunyuka kwakhe amandla yaphela kule empi phakathi amaKatolika namaProtestanti.

Ngoku umbuzo ngubani Huguenot eFrance lula ukuphendula, ukuba abantu bezinye iicawa yahluke kakhulu Katolika. AmaProtestanti niwutshitshise unqulo ezingcwele, imifanekiso, isonto kunikezelo kwezono. Esi simo sengqondo, uPhapha, abefundisi Ababa nako ukunyamezela, ngoko wathi: Huguenot babatshisele ababehamba zikaSathana. Waqala wokulwa, nto leyo ebangele imfazwe otshabalalisayo anegazi kangangokuba yathatha amashumi eminyaka.