Igazi ukusuka imithambo ukuya yegazi ufumana? Physiology nokuhamba kwegazi. Igazi negazi ejikelezayo

Kuba ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo onke amalungu kunye neenkqubo yonikezelo ebalulekileyo rhoqo umzimba bomntu izakhi kunye neoksijini, kwakunye nokususwa ngexesha kobutyobo kunye nenkunkuma. Ukuphunyezwa kwale nkqubo ebalulekileyo iqinisekisa rhoqo nokuhamba kwegazi. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga inkqubo yokujikeleza abantu, ngokunjalo achaze indlela igazi kwemithambo engena imithambo, njengoko ujikeleza imithambo yegazi nendlela iqumrhu ephambili kwinkqubo yokujikeleza - intliziyo.

Uphononongo nokuhamba kwegazi ukusuka kudala ukuya kwinkulungwane XVII

Ukujikeleziswa umntu ezinomdla Abaphengululi abaninzi ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Abaphengululi bamandulo noHippocrates noAristotle wayecinga ukuba onke amabhunga thile zihlobene. Ayekholelwa ukuba igazi lomntu ibandakanya iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ukuba esingenanto omnye komnye. Kakade ke, iimbono zabo zazingalunganga. Babengavunyelwa ukuba yi igqirha waseRoma uKlawudiyo Galen, owaba ngokomfuniselo ukuba intliziyo ihambisa igazi ngenxa yegazi nje kuphela, kodwa ngenxa yegazi. Kude kube ngenkulungwane XVII, izazinzulu babe noluvo lokuba igazi udlula ukusuka ekunene ukuya intendelezo ekhohlo ekudibaneni. Kuphela ngo 1628 kwaba intuthuko: IsiNgesi anatomist Uilyam Garvey kwincwadi yakhe "Uphononongo yokwakheka kwizilwanyana isindululo intliziyo negazi," Wayisondeza imfundiso yakhe entsha ukuhamba kwegazi. Lowo ngokomfuniselo wabonisa ukuba ehamba imithambo le ventricles ngentliziyo, uze ibuyisela ngokusebenzisa imithambo imithambo kwaye phakade bavelise esibindini. Uilyam kaGarvey waba ngumntu wokuqala ubungakanani ngokwemiqathango kwemveliso intliziyo. scheme yakutshanje kwegazi labantu yamiselwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe, kuquka imijikelo emibini.

ukufunda inkqubo yokujikeleza

Ukuze ixesha elide yayingekaphendulwa umbuzo obalulekileyo: "Indlela igazi imithambo lingena Kwangale." Kuphela ekupheleni XVII kwinkulungwane Marcello Malpighi wafumana kwiiyunithi zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa kwemithambo yegazi - emithanjeni leyo ukuqhagamshela imithambo yegazi.

Kwixesha elizayo, izazinzulu ezininzi (Stiven Heylz, Daniyeli Bernoulli, Euler, Poiseuille, njl) abasetyenzisiweyo ingxaki nokuhamba kwegazi, kuquka lwemithambo kulinganiswa, uxinzelelo lwegazi esimbaxa, umthamo emagumbini kwentliziyo, le luthambe kwemithambo kunye nezinye iparameters. Ngowe-1843, enye ingcali yenzululwazi Jan Purkinje esicetywayo hypothesis kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ukuba ukuhla umthamo iSystolic intliziyo iba nefuthe ofunxayo kwi phambili kolu kwemiphunga ngasekhohlo. Ngowe-1904, I. P. Pavlov wenza iminikelo ebalulekileyo kwinzululwazi ebonakalalisa ukuba kukho iimpompo ezine entliziyweni, yaye akazange acinge ezimbini ngaphambili. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini woyisakala ukuza nobungqina obuvakalayo kutheni xi nemithambo yegazi, ngaphezu womoya.

Physiology nokuhamba kwegazi: imithambo, emithanjeni yegazi

Ngenxa zonke izazinzulu uphando siyazi ukuba igazi esoloko ihamba phezu ngemibhobho ezikhethekileyo ezibuhlazarha, leyo kufuneka ubudeki eyahlukileyo. Abayi kuyaphula noko benjalo, badlule kungena omnye, ngaloo ndlela kusekwe inkqubo yokujikeleza closed enye. Zonke iintlobo ezintathu ezaziwayo kwemithambo yegazi: imithambo, imithambo, emithanjeni. Bonke bephela ezahlukeneyo kubume. Kwemithambo zitya ezibonelela igazi kwemali kuloo maziko intliziyo. Ngaphakathi ukuba zazizaliswe umaleko ube mnye epithelium kunye zomzimba nokuqina ukuba iqokobhe ngaphandle. Umaleko eliphakathi iqulathe emithanjeni eludongeni kakuhle kwezihlunu. Le nqanawa inkulu ke aorta. Amalungu kunye nezihlunu kwemithambo zahlulwe imithambo yegazi ezincinane ekuthiwa arterioles. Nabo ke, amasebe zibe emithanjeni, nto leyo iqanjwa umaleko ube mnye izihlunu epithelial kwaye ibekwe izithuba phakathi iiseli. Emithanjeni babe pores ezizodwa apho amanzi, ioksijini, iswekile kunye nezinye izinto bathuthwayo zibe kwezihlunu fluid. Igazi ukusuka imithambo ukuya yegazi ufumana? Ukususela izidumbu yena ovinjwa oksijini ahlanganiswe carbon dioxide, kwaye zikhokelwa ngokusebenzisa emithanjeni zibe venules. Ngaphezu koko, ibuyisela ukuya intendelezo lasekunene imithambo ephantsi, aphezulu nomgodi sentliziyo. Emithanjeni ezikhona surfactants ngaphezulu kwaye ezizodwa izivalo semilunar, lula ukuhamba kwegazi.

kwegazi

Zonke iimpahla, edibanisa ukwenza izangqa ezibini, leyo ibizwa ngokuba ezinkulu nezincinane. Imvelaphi inika Ukwanda amalungu kunye inyama negazi ioksijini-rich. Le kwegazi yile ilandelayo: intendelezo ekhohlo ukuya ekunene ngexesha elinye lifinyele, ngaloo ndlela sivumele igazi flow kungena ventricle ekhohlo. Ukusuka apho yegazi bangene aorta, ukusuka apho uqhubekela kwezinye kwemithambo kunye arterioles, ukubaleka kumacala ahlukeneyo ukuba nezihlunu yonke eziphilayo. Igazi ke lize wabuyela ngenxa yegazi kwaye ingena intendelezo ekunene.

Igazi ejikelezayo: isangqa elincinane

Le kwegazi yesibini iqala kwi ventricle ekunene kwaye iphela intendelezo ekhohlo. Njengoko ujikeleza igazi ngenxa emiphungeni. Physiology ejikeleza igazi kwisangqa encinane na. Ukuncitshiswa igazi ekunene ventricular unikela ulwalathiso yomqeshi pulmonary, apho amasebe ukuya kuthungelwano enkulu ngcanjana miphungeni. Igazi, zingene kubo, mpilo yi umoya emiphungeni, uze emva koko ubuyela intendelezo ekhohlo. Sinokuqonda ukuba ukunika ezibini intshukumo ukugeleza kwegazi, okokuqala sibhekiswe ecaleni kwesangqa enkulu ancedisana, waza wabuya, uze ke amancinci - emiphungeni apho ioksijini Igcwele. kwegazi Human kwenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi yesingqi ezesifuba umahluko xi kwemithambo ngemithambo.

amalungu kwegazi: intliziyo

inkqubo yokujikeleza yabantu ibandakanya, ukongezelela kwemithambo, imithambo kunye emithanjeni, intliziyo. It is a ilungu dystrophy, ngaphakathi nomgodi ukanti imilo tapered. Heart, equngquluzile kwisisu thoracic, iyafumaneka kwi pericardium equlathe kwizicwili. Bag iqinisekisa rhoqo ilele phezu kwentliziyo, kwaye ugcina zokunciphisa yayo ukufumaneka. Udonga intliziyo ukusekwa ngeengcamba ezintathu: i endocardium (ngaphakathi), myocardium (phakathi) kunye epicardial (elingaphandle). Ngokutsho isakhiwo imisipha intliziyo ngandlel embhoxo izihlunu striated, kodwa uphawu olunye ekhethekileyo - ukukwazi ukuzilawula ngokuzenzekelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iimeko zangaphandle. Oku njalo-ebizwa ukuzenzekela. Oku kwenzeka ngokuthi iiseli zemithambo-luvo ezizodwa zifumaneka izihlunu kunye nokuvelisa excitation ezinesingqi.

Ubume kwentliziyo

Le yangaphakathi Isakhiwo kwentliziyo ngulo ulandelayo. It wahlulwa ube ziziqingatha ezibini, ekhohlo nasekunene, udonga esiqinileyo. isiqingatha nganye ngamaqela amabini - intendelezo ventricle. Bona kuhlangene umngxuma babonelelwa isivingco caba luvula ecaleni ventricular. Kwisiqingatha lasekhohlo ivelufa inhliziyo beziya amabini ngasekunene - ezintathu. In intendelezo ekunene igazi uvela phezulu, ezantsi emgongxweni, nokuba imithambo coronary wentliziyo, nangasekhohlo - le mithambo ezine miphungeni. Le ventricle Ilungelo ekuchithekeni buti pulmonary, nto leyo yahlulwe kwamasebe amabini, uthwala igazi emiphungeni. Le ventricle lasekhohlo ethumela igazi ukuya arch aortic ekhohlo. Xa imida ventricles, iivelufa yemiphunga nezengekho aortic semilunar zicwangciswe kunye semigudu ezintathu. Ethwele kuvalwa lumens aorta kunye buti yemiphunga nezengekho imithambo yegazi buyadlula, kwaye nokuthintela sokuphuma igazi kungena ventricles.

Izigaba ezintathu umsipha

Le alternation of ucutheko nokuphumla kwemisipha ivumela igazi ukuba lijikeleze kwegazi ezimbini. Kukho izigaba ezithathu umsebenzi intliziyo;

• nokuncipha atrial;
• yindibanisela le ventricles (systole ngenye indlela);
• ukucuthwa le ventricles kunye nomthambo (ngenye diastole).

Umjikelo wentliziyo ixesha ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye ukusikwa atrial. Wonke umsebenzi wentliziyo iqulathe imijikelo, nganye equka systole kunye diastole. Ukuncipha umsipha malunga amaxesha 70-75 ukuze ngomzuzu omnye (ukuba umzimba uphumle), ngamanye amazwi malunga ne-100 lamawaka. Times ngosuku. Ngelo xesha nye iimpompo ngaphezu kwe-10 amawaka. Iilitha igazi. Le ukusebenza uphakamileyo wadala kwegazi ngcono ukuba izihlunu intliziyo, kwakunye inani elikhulu lweenkqubo pathways kulo. Inkqubo luvo, ingakumbi isebe yayo zizityalo ilawula ukusebenza kwentliziyo. Ezinye imicu bezempilo womeleza ekunciphiseni ngexesha ukukhuthazwa, enye - loo parasympathetic - phezu koko, buthathaka kwaye isantya intliziyo. Ukongeza luvo lilawula intliziyo humoral. Umzekelo, epinephrine ibalekisa umsebenzi wayo, kunye nesiqulatho potassium nokwanda abangaphangeliyo kuyo.

imiqondo ukubetha

Ukubetha kwentliziyo obizwa iimpahla oscillations enobubanzi ngesingqi (imithambo), nto leyo zibangelwa umsebenzi intliziyo. Ukuhanjiswa igazi kwemithambo, kuquka aorta kwaye wenziwe ngesantya 500 mm / s. Kwiinqanawa ezingcakacileyo, emithanjeni, ukuhamba ngegazi kuhlile kakhulu (ukuya kwi-0.5 mm / s). Loo Velocity elisezantsi yokumpompoza kwegazi ngokusebenzisa emithanjeni ivumela unika zonke ioksijini kunye mzimba ancedisana uthabathe iimveliso zabo metabolic. Xa imithambo, ukusondela entliziyweni, igazi flow Velocity ukunyuka.

Yintoni na uxinzelelo lwegazi?

Eli gama libhekisela hydrodynamic uxinzelelo yegazi kwi imithambo, imithambo, emithanjeni. uxinzelelo lwegazi ivela njenge ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo zentliziyo, iimpompo igazi kungena ezityeni, yaye abachasa. ixabiso layo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo beempahla lohlukile. ukunyuka koxinzelelo lwegazi kunye ucutho ngethuba systole kunye diastole. Heart Ukubatywa isabelo igazi, nto leyo eyandisa iindonga kwemithambo engundoqo kunye aorta. Oku kwenza uxinzelelo lwegazi: Amaxabiso iSystolic ubuninzi ayalingana ukuya kwi-120 mm HG. Art kunye ukuzala -. 70 mm HG. Art. Ngexesha diastole, udonga wasolula sele zixinaniswe, ngaloo ndlela ihlaba igazi ngokusebenzisa arterioles yaye ngakumbi. Xa igazi aqukuqela emithanjeni yokuncipha kancinane uxinzelelo lwegazi ukuya 40 mm HG. Art. kanye apha ngezantsi. Kule venules utshintsho capillary kuxinzelelo kwegazi mm 10 kuphela HG. Art. Le ndlela sibangelwa iimpikiswano zochuku amasuntswana of emithanjeni esigcina nokulibazisa ithombo legazi layo. Le mithambo baqhubeka yokuncipha kwenani uxinzelelo lwegazi. Le mithambo ezibuhlazarha, kuba kude kancinci ngezantsi esesibhakabhakeni. Lo mahluko phakathi xi ezigxekayo ngemithambo nomgongxo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu kwi pulmonary kunye aorta kwaye iqinisekisa ejikelezayo rhoqo womntu.

Blood Pressure yesikali

Ukufumana ixabiso uxinzelelo lwegazi kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini. indlela invasive ibandakanya kufakwe catheter eqhagamshelwe inkqubo yokulinganisa, kwelinye kwemithambo (rhoqo iphiramidi). Le ndlela yenza kube lula ukuba ngokuqhubekayo umlinganiselo uxinzelelo kwaye ukufumana iziphumo ezichanekileyo kakhulu. A indlela non-invasive zokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwegazi kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa lesigidi, sphygmomanometers semi-automatic, sokuzifaka okanye aneroid. Ngokubanzi, uxinzelelo Walinganisa engalweni, kancinane entla engqinibeni. Ixabiso ngenxa ibonisa indlela ixabiso xi kwi kwemithambo, kodwa kuwo wonke umzimba. Noko ke, eli nani ibonakalisa ubukhulu bezinto wegazi uvavanyo. Meaning enkulu kwegazi. Ngaphandle ngentshukumo eqhubekekayo kwegazi akanakuba ukutya eqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ubomi ayinakwenzeka kunye nokusebenza komzimba. Ngoku uyazi indlela igazi kwemithambo engena imithambo, nendlela inkqubo kwegazi. Sinethemba Inqaku lethu liye luncedo kuwe.