Ihlabathi eliphilayo leLwandle lwaseNdiya. Isifundo seLwandle lwaseNdiya

Umthombo ocebileyo weentlobo ezahlukeneyo zobomi ulwandle. Naliphi na elwandle ezintlanu kwiplanethi yethu yindawo yokugcina yendalo yehlabathi. Yaye ukuba zonke izilwanyana ziyaziwa kwizilwanyana zasemhlabeni, ngoko ke abanye abemi bezinzulu basengabonakali, bafihlile ngobuqili ebunzulu bomhlaba.

Oku kukhuthaza kuphela inzala yezilwanyana zezilwanyana, ii-oceanologists kunye nezinye izazinzulu. Ukufundwa kolwandle, kwiimpawu zalo zomzimba kunye nokuphela kweentlobo zobomi kuyo, kusemgangathweni namhlanje. Khawucinge ngehlabathi eliphilayo leLwandle lwaseNdiya njengenye yezona zixhobo eziphilayo kakhulu.

Iimpawu zoLwandle lwaseNdiya

Phakathi kwezinye izilwandle, i-Indiya isendaweni yesithathu endaweni yamanzi ehlala (emva kweAtlantiki nePacific). Iipropati zaseLwandle lwaseNdiya zinokuthi zibonakaliswe ngamanqaku angundoqo:

1. Intsimi yolwandle i malunga nezigidi ezingama-77 km ² .
2. Ihlabathi eliphilayo leLwandle lwaseNdiya lihluke kakhulu.
3. Umthamo wamanzi yi-283.5 yezigidi m ³ .
4. Ububanzi be-elwandle malunga neekhilomitha eziliwaka ezili- ² .
5. Ukuhlamba kuwo onke macala e-Eurasia, e-Afrika, e-Australia nase-Antarctica.
6. Izigulane (ubunzima) kunye nolwandle zihlala kwi-15% yolwandle lonke.
7. Isiqithi esikhulu kunazo zonke iMadagascar.
8. Ubunzulu obuninzi kufuphi nesiqithi seJava e-Indonesia - ngaphezu kwe-7 km.
9. Umyinge wamanzi ubushushu obumanzi yi-15-18 ⁰ C. Endaweni nganye ehlukeneyo yolwandle (kufuphi nemida kunye neziqithi, elwandle kunye neendawo), ubushushu buyahlukahluka ngokubanzi.

Isifundo seLwandle lwaseNdiya

Eyaziwayo le nto yamanzi yayisuka kwixesha elidlulileyo. Wayeyintambo yokudibanisa kwintengiso yeziqholo, iingubo, iintambo kunye nezinye izinto phakathi kwezizwe zasePersi, iYiputa kunye ne-Afrika.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhutyelwa kweLwandle lwaseNdiya kwaqala emva kwexesha elithile, ngexesha lomqhubi owaziwayo wasePutukezi uVasco da Gama (ngekhulu le-XV leminyaka). Nguye ofanelwe ukufumaniswa kweIndiya, ngokuhlonelwa kuyo yonke indawo yolwandle.

Ukuya kuVasco da Gama, wayenamagama amaninzi ahlukeneyo phakathi kwabantu behlabathi: uLwandle lwase-Eritrean, uLwandle oluMnyama, i-Indigo Pelagos, iBar El Hind. Nangona kunjalo, kwinqanaba lenkulungwane uPliny Omdala wabiza ngokuthi i-Oceanus Indicus, ephuma kwisiLatin eguqulelwe ngokuthi "uLwandle lwaseNdiya".

Indlela ekhoyo yanamhlanje kunye nezesayensi ekufundeni isakhiwo sezantsi, ukubunjwa kwamanzi, abemi bezilwanyana kunye nemvelaphi yezityalo baqala ukuqhutyelwa kuphela kwi-XIX leminyaka. Namhlanje, umhlaba wezilwanyana waseLwandle lwaseNdiya unomdla omkhulu kwaye unokwenzululwazi, kunye nolwandle ngokwalo. Inzululwazi yaseRashiya, iMelika, iJamani kunye namanye amazwe asebenza ngokuthe ngqo kulo mbandela, usebenzisa i-teknoloji ephambili kakhulu (amaziko angaphantsi kwamanzi, ama-satellite satellites).

Umfanekiso wesimo sehlabathi

Ihlabathi eliphilayo leLwandle lwaseNdiya lihluke kakhulu. Phakathi kwababameli beeflethi kunye nezilwanyana zikhona iintlobo ezizodwa kwaye ziqabile.

Ngokwehluka kwaso, i-biomass yolwandle iyafana nePacific (ngokuchanekileyo, kwicandelo layo langasentshona). Oku kungenxa yamanqanaba aphantsi kwamanzi phakathi kwala manxweme.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ihlabathi lonke lezityalo zamanzi lendawo lingadibaniswa libe ngamaqela amabini ngokweendawo zazo zokuhlala:

1. Inxalenye yeTropiki yoLwandle lwaseNdiya.
2. Inxalenye yeAntarctic.

Ngamnye wabo unemimoya yemozulu, imiranjana, izinto ezinobungozi. Ngoko ke, ukuhlukahluka kohlobo lwezinto ezihlukahlukileyo kunokwahlukileyo.

Ulwahlulo lobomi olwandle

Ummandla wetropiki walo mzimba wamanzi ugcwele iintlobo zeeplankton kunye neentsholongwane zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. I-Algae, njenge-unicellular trihodismium, ithathwa njengeqhelekileyo. Ukugxininiswa kwabo kwiindawo eziphezulu zolwandle kuphezulu kangangokuba umbala jikelele wamanzi uguquka.

Kwakhona kule ndawo, umhlaba ophilayo weLwandle lwaseNdiya umelwa yizilwanyana ezilandelayo:

• Sargasso algae;
• Turbines;
• Caulerps;
• Phytotamia;
• Halimedes;
• Mangrove.

Kwezilwanyana ezincinci, ezihle kakhulu zivutha ngabameli bebusuku beplankton: i-fisalia, i-siphonophores, i-ctenophores, iiglofu, i-perideneae, i-jellyfish.

Ummandla we-Antarctic woLwandle lwaseNdiya umelelwe yi-fucus, laminaria, porphyry, galidium, macrocystis enkulu. Kwaye nabameli bobukumkani bezilwanyana (ezincinane) bahlala kwiipopepods, i-euphuazids, i-diatomsi.

Intlanzi engavumelekanga

Ngokuqhelekileyo, izilwanyana zaseLwandlekazi zaseNdiya ziyintlekele okanye zibonakala zingavamile. Ngoko ke, phakathi kweentlanzi eziqhelekileyo kunye neentlanzi ezininzi kukho ihaki, imitha, i-mackerel, iidonphins, ityhuna, i-notothenia.

Ukuba sithetha ngabameli abangaqhelekanga be-ichthyofauna, kufuneka kuqatshelwe njengale:

• Iintlanzi zaseKoral;
• Intlanzi yaseParrot;
• Shark omhlophe;
• Whale shark.

Ixabiso lokuloba phakathi kweentlanzi zinalo i-tuna, i-mackerel, ihlengethwa kunye ne-noothenia.

Ukuhlukahluka kwezilwanyana

Ihlabathi lezilwanyana zaseLwandle lwaseNdiya linabameli beentlobo ezilandelayo, iiklasi, iintsapho:

1. Pisces.
2. Izilwanyana (iintlanzi zolwandle kunye neentlanzi ezinkulu).
3. Izilwanyana (izilwanyana zamabhawu, iimpawu, iimbumba eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, imikhomo, izindlovu zezilwandle, iidonphin, iimbhokhwe ezingenasiphelo).
4. I-Mollusks (i-octopus enkulu, i-octopus, imiski).
5. Izipongi (amabala okubala kunye ne-silicic);
6. I-Echinoderms (ubuhle bamanzi, i-holothurians, i-urchins yolwandle, i-ophiuroids).
7. I-Crustaceans (i-crabs, i-crabs, i-lobsters).
8. Hydroid (iipolisi).
9. Mshankovye.
10. Ii-polyps ze-coral (ifomathi zamanzi ezinxweme).

Izilwanyana ezinjengobuhle bamanxweme bunemibala eqaqambileyo, phila ngaphantsi kwaye ube nomfanekiso oyingxubevange kunye nokulinganisa kwe-radial yomzimba. Ndiyabulela kubo, umgangatho we-olwandle ukhangelekile kwaye ukhangelekile.

I-octopus enkulu kakhulu i-octopus enkulu, ubude beentente eziphakama ngaphezu kwe-1.2 m. Umzimba, ngokomthetho, awukho ngaphezu kwe-30 cm ubude.

Iimpuphu kunye ne-silicon sponges zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kwe-Ocean Ocean. Kanye neentlobo ze-benthic ze-algae, zenza iifomiti ezipheleleyo ze-depository and siliceous deposits.

I-predator eyingozi kakhulu kule ndawo yokuhlala indawo yile shark omhlophe, ubukhulu bayo bufikelela kumitha engama-3. Umbulali onesithukuthezi kwaye unesibindi, ngokuqhelekileyo uqobo lweendudumo ezinkulu zeLwandle lwaseNdiya.

Intlanzi enhle kakhulu kwaye inomdla kwintlanzi yase-Indian - i-coral fish. Ziyimibala enemibala ebomvu, inobumba obude, obunemizimba emzimbeni. Ezi ntlanzi zikwazi ngokufihlakele ukufihla kwiindidi ze-polyps ze-corps, apho abanakufumana nantoni na.

Iimeko ezidibeneyo zoLwandle lwase-Indiya zivumela ukuba imfuyo yayo ibe yinto ehlukeneyo kwaye inomdla ukuba ibangele abo banqwenela ukuyifunda.

Umhlaba ohlaza

Imephu ye-contour ye-Indian Ocean inika ingcamango ngokubanzi malunga nokuba iyintoni umda. Kwaye ukuqala kule nto, kulula ukuqiqa ukuba yintoni intlobo yemifuno yolwandle eya kubakho.

Ukusondela kwe-Pacific Ocean kukukhuthaza ukusabalaliswa kweentlobo ze-algae ezimdaka kunye ezibomvu, ezininzi zazo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezoshishino. I-algae e-Green ibuye imelwe kuzo zonke iindawo zase-Indian Ocean.

Inomdla kwaye ayiqhelekanga yimihlathi ye-macrocystis enkulu. Kukholelwa ukuba ukungena kwiinqanawa ezinjengeenqanawa kufana nokuchitha, kuba kulula kakhulu ukulahleka kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuphuma.

Inxalenye ephambili yelizwe lezityalo yolwandle lenziwe nge-unicellular benthic, i-planktonic algae.

Kubaluleka kubalobi baseIndiya

Ukuloba kwezilwanyana kunye nezityalo kwiLwandle lwase-Indiya akuxhaswanga ngokupheleleyo njengakwamanye amazwe olwandle kunye nolwandle. Kuza kube yimhla, eli lwandle lusemvelaphi yehlabathi, indawo yokugcina imithombo ebalulekileyo yokutya. Imephu yebalazwe ye-Indian Ocean ingabonisa iziqithi eziphambili kunye neepeninsula apho ukuloba kuphuhliswe khona kwaye intlanzi kunye ne-algae exabisekileyo ichithwe:

• ESri Lanka;
• Hindustan;
• ESomalia;
• Madagascar;
• Maldives;
• I-Seychelles;
• I-Peninsula yaseArabia.

Ngelo xesha, izilwanyana zaseLwandle lwaseNdiya, ngokuyinxalenye, zibaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwisondlo. Nangona kunjalo, lo mzimba wamanzi awuthandwa kakhulu ngale ndlela. Okubaluleke kakhulu kubantu namhlanje ukufikelela kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwihlabathi, iinqithi kunye neepeninsula.