Iibhanki karhulumente-Russian njengoko waba ngummeli wowona ulungileyo noqoqosho oluzinzileyo eli lizwe

inkqubo yogcino Russia alikho yohlobo: iqulethe Abadlali ezinkulu nezincinane, ngokunjalo namaziko apho ezahlukeneyo luphawu oluphambili - isabelo karhulumente. Zeziphi ezi nkcukacha zomsebenzi kwamaziko yamatyala apho isixa eyinhloko amafa ngabasemagunyeni?

Yintoni na ibhanki karhulumente-?

amaziko Credit angawabantu abamnyama ngurhulumente (ngokususela ubulungu esibondeni ukulawula) kwaye ulawule zazo iibhanki karhulumente. Umsebenzi main imibutho efana - eboleka olubalulekileyo ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa yomgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe kwezolimo, kwakunye notyalo-mali kunye nentlawulo izivumelwano ezihlobene. Njengomgaqo, iibhanki karhulumente iqhosha inkonzo Russian, ngobuchule candelo libaluleke kangaka kuqoqosho ezichaphazela indawo yeli lizwe kwezoshishino ngamazwe, yaye umsebenzi nzima kumaziko ngetyala kunye nemali yabucala.

Urhulumente, ukuba amaziko zayo zemali, iiplagi urhwebo lwangaphandle kwaye ilawula amashishini yasekhaya ezibalulekileyo (ezifana nezolimo), kukho umgaqo-nkqubo kwimimandla eli lizwe, ilawula utyalo-mali kwiiprojekthi yesizwe. Kukho ke inani iikhrayitheriya ezicacileyo zokwenza isigqibo iibhanki - urhulumente. ERashiya, amaziko afana badlala indima ephambili kumgaqo-nkqubo kazwelonke zemali.

iiBhanki ezingoovimba. Ngubani na ophethe Bank of Russia?

Yibhanki eyongameleyo (Bank of Russia) - zenyathi imeko kwiziko lamatyala. imisebenzi yayo - ummiselo kuqoqosho loqoqosho lwesizwe, ukulawula phezu umsebenzi kumaziko zemali kunye nxaxheba capital yabucala inxaxheba kwiinkqubo yemali ngamazwe, nokuququzelela ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zophuhliso qhinga eli lizwe. Central Bank lilawula qhinga oovimba lwemali karhulumente. Isimo ngokomthetho i-Central Bank of Russia, njengoko iingcali zikholelwa, kuba kunokuba edidayo. Kwelinye icala, ikomkhulu eligunyazisiweyo Central Bank of eli lizwe yipropathi Federation.

Nangona kunjalo, i-arhente inoxanduva noxanduva kukarhulumente (kodwa awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo), esebenza ingeniso yayo. Kubonakala ukuba ukususela kwinqanaba umbono lomthetho kwi-Central Bank of Russia izimele kurhulumente. Hayi kulungile ukuba uphikise ukuba Bank of Russia - igunya likarhulumente. Ukuba balandele lo mbono, urhulumente sikude ekubeni isixa elililo igunya lokusebenzisa asethi Central Bank ngokohlobo loovimba. Ke ukuba, umzekelo, nayiphi na injongo yorhulumente ubonisa, i-Central Bank unelungelo lokubhena kwiinkundla ngamazwe.

CB: impahla kwamanye amazwe

Yibhanki eyongameleyo iye ekuthiwa-iibhanki Russian phesheya - amaziko amatyala, imisebenzi phambili kwelinye ilizwe. Phakathi kwabo - "Moscow Narodny Bank" (ibekwe eLondon), "Ost-West Handelsbank" (Frankfurt) "Eurobank" (Paris). iibhanki Russian ne inxaxheba kurhulumente, ngoko ke, kumazwe amaninzi kuphuhliswa of Europe.

Indima ngamaziko zemali olu hlobo ukuphucula indlela sentlawulo credit intengiselwano kunye namaziko amazwe. iibhanki Russian aphesheya bayakwazi ukutsala utyalo iimfuno karhulumente, ukuba kuhle kuqoqosho. Njengoko umthetho, inzuzo kula maziko (kwaye ubukhulu kweentlawulo nebhajethi kwerhafu) ngaphezulu kwe ukuba iibhanki zorhwebo.

ezinkulu banks karhulumente The lizwe

Sberbank of Russia (Sberbank of Russia) - le inkulu ngokubhekiselele kwiziko asethi zeentengo zemboleko inxaxheba karhulumente. Malunga ne-60% ezabelo yeziko mali bobabo abasemagunyeni, 40% - ejikeleza yoluntu. I-Russian State Bank yamiselwa ngexesha leSoviet, kodwa ke inani le isabelo yabucala lelifa - enye liphezulu emarikeni.

Umzekelo, RAB-asethi kwi-100% ibamba Rosimushchestvo (enye imizimba ephambili isakhiwo yeebhanki assets). Omnye umzekelo we mibutho enkulu karhulumente ngetyala - VTB Bank. Agency Federal Property Management iphethe kancinci ngaphezulu kwama-75% ezabelo zeziko. Lidla isabelo enkulu leyo bobabo urhulumente, naye ekhona Gazprombank.

Iwonga ekhethekileyo Vnesheconombank

Vnesheconombank (Veb) - iziko yeentengo zemboleko usesikhundleni ethile kwindlela yokugcina imali yelizwe lethu. Isibakala sokuba umsebenzi lowo wenziwe ngaphandle mvume kwaye ayikho phantsi kweliso, lo gama ezinye Russian iibhanki karhulumente kufuneka ukujongana la. Vnesheconombank ngaphezu kweminyaka 90, kwaye ukusuka kwindawo umbono umthetho ngayo inkampani yoluntu. Ukuziqhelisa, imisebenzi weziko ematyaleni eyamkelekileyo. Zabo intsebenziswano namaziko karhulumente Vnesheconombank kunye namanye amatyala - Eximbank (esekwe ukuxhasa kwamanye amazwe). Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, ngoko ezandleni abasemagunyeni kuya kuba isixhobo zorhwebo-inkxaso ngoncedo kweziqinisekiso buso. Noko ke, abanye ingxolo, njengokuba ezinye iingcali zikholelwa, kuba lo msebenzi unokuba Veb amatyala ubudala.

Iingcali: iibhanki zikarhulumente kufuneka zibe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo

iingcali market zebhanki ukucacisa ukuba uphuhliso kwindlela yogcino-mali kufuneka ube nezikhokelo ezicacileyo. Enye yezi iingcali kubona inkqubo ngaphantsi phakathi kwamaziko ngetyala ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Kuba iibhanki ukuba kufuneka ume phezu obuphezulu, kucetywa ukuba bawuthwale Rosselkhozbank kunye RBR kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi. imisebenzi zabo inxulunyaniswe ukhuseleko zemali-nkqubo yotyalo-mali kweli lizwe, uphuhliso kwicandelo lezolimo.

Kwi i "kwinqanaba lesibini" - Sberbank, VTB, Veb kunye Eximbank. Ngokukodwa, imisebenzi iBhunga lezoKhuseleko Russian, iingcali zikholelwa, kufuneka swi emhlabeni iingxaki ezinxulumene iidiphozithi nolondolozo, nokuthintela ukwandiswa komsindo zorhwebo. iibhanki "inqanaba yesithathu" karhulumente-Russian kwingcamango ziingcali kufuneka jikelele: .. Faka, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekuqhutyweni kweentlawulo, njl yongeno ye kolu didi kweebhanki kwi ezimbini zokuqala, ngokutsho bezimali, kufuneka kubekho imiqobo ukumelana.

Ukusebenza weebhanki karhulumente

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iye yaqhuba uphando enxulumene nophuhliso kwenkqubo yebhanki Russian. Ngo omnye wabo Wayehlatyelwe impumelelo kweebhanki, kuquka urhulumente. Uphononongo kwakhona wabancina umbutho kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba angaphandle. amaziko Credit, kumsebenzi leengcali iziphumo bohlulwa baba ngamaqela amahlanu: iibhanki zikarhulumente, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iBhunga lezoKhuseleko of the Russian Federation, iibanki karhulumente ukuba akukho ngokunxulumene kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko of the Russian Federation, iibhanki zabucala kunye ofisi esembindini eMoscow okanye eSt Petersburg, iibhanki zabucala kulo mmandla, kwakunye amagatya zamaziko zemali amazwe.

Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba kakhulu - iqukiwe iqela neBhunga lezoKhuseleko le Russian Federation Russian iibhanki karhulumente. Uluhlu uthi thaca iinqobo abachatshazelwe kolu phando, ukuqinisekisile oku. Intshutshiso zabo osondele kwisikali wobunjani emsebenzini iibhanki zabucala ukusuka eMoscow. Noko ke, ukusebenza iBhunga lezoKhuseleko Russian yaba ngaphantsi kancinane kune-avareji iqela iibhanki ezilishumi ezinkulu ngokwemigaqo-asethi (kodwa ngaphezulu kwe-avareji ngenxa amaqela ngentla emihlanu amaziko).

ukuthembeka weebhanki karhulumente

bezimali amaninzi (kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo) bakholelwa ukuba iibhanki zikarhulumente-Russian zithembekile ngaphezu kwabo zabucala. Oku, xa kusenziwa ishishini amaziko amatyala, ngokubanzi ngokuhambelana nenyani. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba eli nani liye kwencazelo enengqondo. Okokuqala, iibhanki zikarhulumente ngeendleko namava umlando izixhobo okunzulu for ukwandiswa yengingqi kunye nokuzithemba uzuza client. Okwesibini, njengoko mali, urhulumente kudla oxhasa iiprojekthi ezingekho nzulu kakhulu kwi uhlalutyo lwenzuzo-, nto leyo neze uphawu amaziko abucala ngetyala. Okwesithathu, ungakwazi ukuhlawula iibhanki zikarhulumente-ukuqesha abantu kwinqanaba abarhola, nto leyo ukunyuka ngokubanzi ukusebenza imibutho wokhuphiswano kuthelekiswa iibhanki zabucala.

Umbono beebhanki karhulumente

Phakathi kwezinye iingcali kwiimalike zemali ithisisi ethandwayo ukuba inani kokubandakanyeka karhulumente kwimigangatho ziya kancane kancane. Noko ke, kunokuba okuba asethi zamaziko, abasemagunyeni kuya kufuna ukuphumeza abantu ekunene kwi ulawulo. Kukho kwakhona sisichasi yemboniselo ukuba ukuncipha ubunini karhulumente kwindlela yokugcina imali ongenayo yokubona izinto ezininzi sho: Kwimeko nkcukacha lwesikhokelo ngokusemthethweni. Ngokutsho kwindawo yesibini lwembono, inguqu iya kuphunyezwa ukuba, eneneni, ibonisa ukuba ukudluliswa ngokusesikweni lezabelo (okanye imisebenzi zotshintshiselwano) phakathi kwee-arhente zikarhulumente. Phakathi kwezinye bokuqonda ezichaza amathuba zamaziko wetyala inxaxheba karhulumente - isabelo Central Bank kulawulo kwiibhanki zorhwebo.

Kukho uluvo malunga imfuneko lirhoxe ikomkhulu Central Bank of amaziko abucala njengoko CB isikhundla umnini ichasene umsebenzi wakhe ukuba yongamele kwaye basebenze umdla uqoqosho lonke eli lizwe. Unyaka apho umlinganiselo othile ixhomekeke ukuguqula iibhanki karhulumente ka-Russia - 2014, uluhlu lwe nguqulelo kunokwenzeka kusenokwenzeka ukuba esipapashwe kumaphepha yamaphepha Central Bank okanye imidiya ezizodwa.