Iilwimi East lenqaba kunye neempawu zazo

iilwimi East lenqaba - iqelana ulwimi, nto leyo yinxalenye yeqela Slavic entsapho yaseYurophu Indo-. Qho kwiMpuma Yurophu, eAsia, yiMelika nakwezinye iindawo ehlabathini.

ngezigaba

Kwiilwimi East Slavic ziquka zombini eziphilayo iilwimi nabafileyo kwaye iziyelelane ezahlukeneyo. Ngokubhekisele iqela lokuqala, ezi ziquka:

• Belarusian.
• Russian.
• Ukrainian.
• Rusin, nto leyo maxa wambi kuthathwa lwesigodi Ukrainian.

Njengoko zeelwimi abafileyo, ngoko oku kuquka omdala Russian, apho yayikhona kuze ngenkulungwane ye-14, ulwimi Ruthenian apho Grand Duchy of Lithuania, kwakunye iziyelelane Old Novgorod kunye neempawu zayo ezizodwa.

indaba

Belarusian, Russian kunye Ukrainian - iilwimi Slavic. inkalo East lenqaba limelwe kukuba ezi lwimi waba kumntu omnye - ulwimi Old Russian, owayebonakele kwinkulungwane 7 ngokusekelwe pre-Slavic. Ngokuphathelele ezahlukeneyo yezembali, uhlanga lwamandulo Russian yahlulwa amasebe amathathu - i-Belarusian, Russian kunye Ukrainian, iyileyo yaya indlela yalo yophuhliso.

East iqela baseMpumalanga iilwimi bavela elide. Ezinye iimpawu umahluko wabonakala ngolwimi zizelwe - ngenkulungwane ye-14, ngoxa abanye kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ngaphambili. Zonke iilwimi ezintathu luphawulwa yi morphology efanayo, igrama kunye nesigama, kodwa kufuneka umahluko omkhulu. Ezinye iindidi lwegrama eziziimpawu ulwimi Ukrainian kwaye Belarusian, kwaye ningaswele Russian. Oku kukwasebenza ngokufanayo isigama, ukusukela inani elikhulu leeyunithi lungelelanisa ngeelwimi Ukrainian kwaye Belarusian imvelaphi Polish.

iimpawu

iilwimi East lenqaba babe zabo iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ukuba ukwahlula phakathi kwabanye:

• Izandi zamazwi. Luphawulwa indibaniselwano Proto-Slavic -oro-, -olo-, -ere-, -elo-, ikhulu, nto leyo aziqhelekanga ukuba nokuxubana olusemazantsi nasentshonalanga, kwakunye phambi oonobumba: h, j, ethe lula kwezinye iilwimi Slavic.
• Lexicon. Eastern lenqaba kwama ulwimi ilifa ezininzi yiyunithi lungelelanisa ukusuka ulwimi Proto-Slavic, ke, uneempawu zawo ezahlula evela kwamanye nokuxubana. Kuba qela kubhaliwe linophawu yokuboleka, ingakumbi ukusuka Finno-Ugric, eBaltic, Turkish, iilwimi Iranian, abaseAfrika kunye Western eYurophu.

iilwimi East lenqaba zisebenzisa oonobumba esekelwe Cyrillic alfabhethi, owavela eBulgaria, kodwa iqela lolwimi ngalunye uneempawu zawo, neeleta ukuba azenzeki kwabanye.

Byelorussian

Ingaba ulwimi wesizwe Belarusians kunye nolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni weRiphabliki Belarus. Ukongeza, ukuba athethe eRashiya, Lithuania, Latvia, eUkraine, Poland kunye nabanye. Njengezinye iilwimi East Slavic, Belarus livela malunga 13-14 kwinkulungwane yamandulo Russian kwaye kwakheka kwi kummandla Belarus yanamhlanje. Oku lula yi ukuyilwa yesizwe Belarusian, simanyene lwezepolitiki, ngokwendawo, ezenkolo kunye nezinye izinto. A indima ekhethekileyo kule ebidlalwe yi komdibaniso zamazwe e Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Ngeli xesha, ulwimi Belarusian waba ligosa kwaye ukuba phantse yonke karhulumente kunye zomthetho namaxwebhu. Kwakhona negalelo kuphuhliso lwesikolo ulwimi kuluntu eyavelayo phezu kummandla Belarus ngenkulungwane ye-15.

izikhumbuzo ezibhaliweyo Eyona zolwimi Belarusian ungumenzi wemithetho Lithuanian, ibonisa Avraamki kunye Byhovtsa, "iiNdumiso", "incwadana ezincinane ezinika", "Igrama Slovenian" kunye nabanye. Le ukuvuselela ulwimi yaqala ngenkulungwane 19-20 kwaye edibene Yankoy Kupaloy, uYakobi indlebe kunye namanye amagama .

ulwimi Russian

ulwimi Russian - olunye lweelwimi East Slavic. He kubhekwa olunye lweelwimi oonozakuzaku behlabathi yaye une abantu abazizigidi ezininzi ehlabathini lonke. AmaRashiya uhlanga esekelwe izizwe ukuba belimiwe kummandla Veliky Novgorod naphakathi iVolga kunye Oka.

Formation likazwelonke negalelo kuphuhliso karhulumente esembindini kumntu wonke, nto leyo balwa nangezinto Mongols. indima ebalulekileyo kule mayidlalwe imisebenzi ngokutsha uPetros Mna, kwaye umsebenzi MV University, GR Derzhavina NI Novikova, NI Karamzin, kunye nabanye. Owaseka yolwimi yesizwe Russian kuthathwa AS Pushkin. osemqoka kwayo syllabic siseko engqongqo kunye nentsingiselo kabini iileta ezininzi. Ngokusekelwe kwifomu lungelelanisa Slavonic iiyunithi lungelelanisa, kwaye ezahlukeneyo zokuzoba.

ulwimi Ukrainian

Enye kakhulu yenkohlakalo iilwimi Slavic. Oko kuthethiweyo eUkraine, Belarus, eRashiya, Kazakhstan, Poland, Moldova kunye nabanye. Iimpawu ulwimi Ukrainian yaqala ukuvela ngenkulungwane ye-12 yaye ngenkulungwane ye-14 ezi Ukraine njengesizwe ezimeleyo kunye neempawu zayo ahlukile.

Ukuvela hlanga Ukrainian edibene kumzabalazo wabantu ngokuchasene Polish kunye Tatar ndlongo. Indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso loncwadi Ukrainian edlalwa umsebenzi uGregory Pans, KT Shevchenko, IY Franko, Lesia Ukrainka, IP Kotlyarevskogo GR Hryhory kvitka et al. Kuba Ukrainian isigama ulwimi luphawulwa ngokuboleka Polish, Turkish kunye nesiJamani.

Rusyn ulwimi

Le yingqokelela kwingxelo zolwimi kunye lwesigodi loncwadi zahlukeneyo okuluphawu Rusins. Eli qela uhlanga abahlala kummandla Transcarpathian ka Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, iCroatia, Serbia, Hungary, kwakunye eKhanada kunye nethiyori US. Namhlanje inani labantu abathetha olo lwimi, abantu malunga ne-1,5 million.

Kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo malunga koko, cinga enoba ulwimi Ruthenian ezimeleyo okanye nesi Ukrainian. Lo mthetho ngoku Ukrainian iqwalasela Ruthenian njengolwimi abambalwa yeSizwe, kanti, umzekelo, eSerbia, loo nto ithathwa ezisemthethweni.

Uphawu ngenxa ulwimi lo tserkovnoslavyanizmy elikhulu inani kunye Polonism ezininzi, Germanisms, Mannerist kunye nezinye iimpawu ezingekho ezendeleyo ngolwimi Ukrainian. Ikwabonakala yintlaninge iiyunithi lungelelanisa ezaqala Hungarian. Ukongeza koku, kukho ichibi kakhulu ulwimi Slavic ulwimi, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo lebhokisi ukuba enye intsapho Eastern Slavic.

iqela ulwimi Eastern Slavic yinxalenye-European Indo isebe Slavic kwaye neempawu kwaye uthelekise umahluko ngeelwimi asentshona nakumazantsi Slavic. Eli qela libandakanya iilwimi Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian kunye Ruthenian, kwakunye nenani iilwimi zomthonyama ukuba ngoku abafileyo. Eli qela isagquba eMpuma Yurophu, Asia kunye Melika ngokunjalo nakwezinye iindawo ehlabathini.