Iimpawu iimeko zokusebenza, niwuzalise isampuli. Uluhlu zomsebenzi kunye neemeko zokusebenza eziyingozi

Akunabasebenzi bonke abaya kukwazi ukuvavanya ngokufanelekileyo imiqathango yomsebenzi wakhe. Eli nqaku liza kukuxelela bonke malunga neendawo apho abameleli bezakhono ezahlukeneyo kufuneka bajamelane nazo.

Yintoni umgangatho wokuvelisa?

Kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokubaluleka, ulawulo lubophezelekile ukukhupha kumqeshwa igosa elisemthethweni elibizwa ngokuthi "imveliso yokuvelisa". Olu xwebhu lunokuvela kwiifom ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo, kuba zonke izinto ziya kuxhomekeka kwiinjongo eziza ku funeka.

Ewe, zonke iintlobo zemveliso zemveliso ziya kuba nzima kakhulu ukubala. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugqamisa iintlobo ezintathu eziqhelekileyo zolu xwebhu. Ezi ziquka:

Imveliso yokuvelisa kwindawo yomsebenzi . Ulwazi olubhaliweyo nangaluphi na uhlobo; Imeko ephambili apha yinkcazo yecandelo lobugcisa, loluntu okanye olusemthethweni lomqeshwa, kwakunye nokuvavanya iimpawu zomntu kunye nezoshishino.

Uphawu lomveliso weemeko zokusebenza zomfundi owadlulela ukusebenza kweshishini kwishishini. Le fom yolu xwebhu ayiqhelekanga, kodwa inendawo yokuhlala. Kule meko, isatifikethi senziwa kwifomu yamahhala. Inikwa yintloko yentsebenzo okanye ummeli wenkonzo yabasebenzi.

Impawu zokuveliswa kweemeko zokusebenza zomsebenzi, eziyimfuneko kwinqanaba le-VTEK (ikhomishoni yengcali yonyango) kunye ne-ITU (ubuchule bobugcisa boluntu). Le fomu yombhalo yenye yezona zidumileyo kwaye zisasazeka. Ihlanganiswe ngexesha loviwo olupheleleyo lwezonyango zesigulane. Iqondo lokulahlekelwa (inxalenye okanye inani) lomntu osebenzayo liyakunqunywa, iqela lokukhubazeka kwakhe limiselwe. Konke oko kuyimfuneko, ngokuqinisekileyo, kwiziphumo zoviwo lokuthotyelwa kweemeko zokusebenza kunye nempilo yomqeshwa. Uxwebhu olufanayo lukhutshwa ngumqeshi, olwenziwe ngokulandelelana ngokupheleleyo kunye neempawu zokucoceka. Kwakhona, isatifikethi sifanele sibandakanye iimpawu zomsebenzi wabasebenzi, yonke imilinganiselo yokuphuhliswa kwabasebenzi, njl. Ukuba inkampani inokholo lonyango, ugqirha kufuneka agcwalise inkcazo. Nangona kunjalo, isatifikethi soxwebhu kunye nesayineli yentloko okanye intloko yesebe yabasebenzi iya kuhlala ibopha.

Ngeemeko zokusebenza eziyingozi

Abaninzi bayazi ukuba umthetho okhoyo unyanzelekile ukubonelela abantu abasebenza kwindawo kunye nezimo zokusebenza eziyingozi, ezinye iziqinisekiso kunye nezibonelelo. Ziziphi ezi ziqinisekiso kunye naluphi uhlobo abanalo? Impendulo yalo mbuzo inzima kwaye inzima. Emva koko, kukho iinqununu ezininzi ezichonga imigangatho yokubonelela izibonelelo kubasebenzi. Ngoko ke, kukufanelekile ukuphendukela kwelinye, umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu: yintoni uhlobo lwendawo yoluntu olubhekiselele kwingozi kwaye lukhuselekile kwimpilo yabasebenzi?

Inkcazelo ende yeemeko zokusebenza zabameli bezithuba ezahlukeneyo zasivumela ukuba sibone ezi zinto zilandelayo ezibangela izimo zokusebenza eziyingozi:

• Imilinganiselo yokuxhatshazwa kweemeko zokusebenza. Oku kubandakanya umsebenzi omude ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, ngokuzithemba, ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya imiqondo yengqondo kunye neengqondo.
• Imilinganiselo yobunzima beemeko zokusebenza. Ezi zihlala zizinzileyo kunye nezimo ezihambayo, ezinxulumene, njengombandela, ngomsebenzi wenyama. Oku kubandakanya izinto ezincinane ezinomsindo ezinjengeemeko ezingenakunceda ekusebenzeni komsebenzi, inani elikhulu lokuphindaphinda kwezenzo, njl njl.
• Iimpawu zeMichiza. Kucingwa ukuba umsebenzi unempembelelo emzimbeni womntu wezinto ezinobungozi ezahlukeneyo (i-acids, alkalis, reagents, njl.). Ubuncwane okanye ukungcola kwegesi, umoya okhuni kakhulu-konke oku kuhambelana nemigqaliselo ebalulekileyo.
• Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zomzimba. Mhlawumbi iqela eliqhelekileyo lemiba; Yonke ngenxa yokuba ayikho into ehambelana nokushisa okuqhelekileyo, umswakama ophezulu, zonke iintlobo zemitha-mlilo - ionizing okanye ingekho ionizing, isivinini somoya, ukugubhazela kunye nengxolo, ukukhanya okwaneleyo nokunye okuninzi. Abasebenzi abaneemeko ezinobungozi eziyingozi kwiimeko ezininzi ngokuchanekileyo kweli candelo. Uninzi lwamashishini kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi nawo afanelekileyo kwiqela leendlela zokuqwalasela ezicetywayo.
• Izinto eziphilayo. Eli liqela elincinane kakhulu, elifanelekileyo kuphela kula ma shishini apho kukho izidalwa zezinto eziphilayo ezinobungozi ezahlukeneyo. Ewe, ezi ziphilayo zihlukaniswe ngamaqela amabini: ii-microorganisms (iibhaktheriya, iifungi, ii-virus kunye ne-spirochetes) kunye nezilwanyana (izilwanyana kunye nezityalo).

Omnye umbuzo wawungaphendulwanga: ungayibona njani ukuba uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi luyingozi? Kukho umyalelo okhethekileyo karhulumente weRussia Federation No. 870. Zonke iinkcukacha ezisemthethweni malunga nohlobo lwemisebenzi kufuneka zithathwe apho. Nangona kunjalo, eli xwebhu, ngelishwa, aliyi kuqondwa luluninzi lwabantu, kuba lixwebhu lokhokelo. Kukho iikhowudi ezivela kwiSebe lezeMpilo kunye noPhuhliso lweNtlalo, kodwa inkoliso yabo incike kwimimiselo yeSoviet endala, equka uluhlu lwemibutho, izitolo kunye nezikhundla ezinokuthi zithathwe njengezingaphephile kwimpilo. Ziziphi ezi ziluhlu? Oku kuya kuxutyushwa kamva.

Uluhlu lwezakhono ezineemeko zokusebenza eziyingozi

Uluhlu olupheleleyo lwemisebenzi equkethe iimeko ezingakhuselekanga nezikhuselekanga zilawulwa kuMyalelo kaRhulumente No. 665. Eli xwebhu lichaza uluhlu olupheleleyo lwabaxhamli kufuneka basebenze kwiimeko eziyingozi, ezinobungozi okanye ezinobungozi. Ngezantsi, kunjalo, uludwe oluqingqiweyo lwazo iindidi zabemi abandakanyekayo kwimisebenzi engaphephile ziya kunikwa. Ngo-2016, oku kuquka:

• Abasebenzi bezoshishino zemigodi;
• I-Metallurgists yezimayini ezingenamandla kunye nezitye;
• Abasebenzi abakhiqiza i-generator gases;
• Abasebenzi, abasebenzi beenkampani zamakhemikhali;
• Abantu abanompu, iimbumbulu, iziqhubi ezahlukeneyo emsebenzini wabo, njl.
• Abaqeshwa bamaziko oyile kunye negesi, kunye nemibutho yokuvelisa amalahle, izinto ze-shale, i-condensate yegesi, njl.
• Abantu abanxulumene nokusebenza kwensimbi;
• Abasebenzi, ngandlela-nye okanye enye inxulumene nobunjineli kunye ne-elektroniki;
• Abasebenzi be-electrotechnical enterprises;
• Abasebenzi bamaziko okuvelisa izinto zokwakha;
• Abasebenzi beefriji zeglasi kunye ne-porcelain;
• Abantu ababandakanyeka kwimveliso yefiber, iphepha, i-cellulose;
• Abasebenzi abavelisa iziyobisi kunye namayeza ahlukeneyo;
• Abasebenzi beenkonzo zothutho kunye nemibutho;
• Abantu abadibanisa namandla enyukliya kunye noshishino lwenyukliya.

Abakhi, iifolda, abasebenzi bezolimo, izitshizi, izigodo kunye nabanye abantu abaninzi ababandakanyekayo emsebenzini womzimba ngandlela-thile-zonke ziwela ezinkquthelweni ezikhethiweyo kwaye ziwele uluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nezimo zokusebenza eziyingozi.

Inkqubo yovavanyo lweemeko zokusebenza

Ngo-2013, uMthetho we-Federal No. 426 wawusungulwa kwi-circulation. Kwagqitywa ukuba kwenziwe inkqubo ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuthi "Uvavanyo lweemeko zokusebenza emsebenzini". Inhloko yentlangano eyayisecacisa kuphela iindawo zokusebenzela ezikhoyo, emva kokumkelwa koMthetho we-Federal, kwakufuneka iqalise ngokukhawuleza ukuqhuba umsebenzi ophantsi kokuqwalaselwa.

Isampuli yeemeko zabasebenzi ze-WECC inikwe apha ngezantsi.

Ngoko, luphi uvavanyo olukhethekileyo lweemeko zokusebenza emsebenzini kwaye kutheni kubalulekile? Olu vavanyo luhlobo lomsetyenzana lwemisebenzi ethile, uphawu oluthile lweemeko zokusebenza, oluyalelwe:

• Ekufumaneni izinto ezingakhuselekanga kwimveliso nakwinkqubo yomsebenzi;
• Ekuhloleni kwinqanaba lempembelelo yale miba kubasebenzi.

Emva kokugqitywa kweli vavanyo, kufuneka:

• Ukubonelela bonke abasebenzi abanezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo (zombini kunye kunye nomntu ngamnye);
• Ukuseka zonke iziqinisekiso eziyimfuneko kunye nezibonelelo zabasebenzi;
• Ukuqhuba iimviwo zonyango (kuqala kunye nexesha);
• Ukuseka iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo zokubonelela ngeengxowa-mali zeRhafu zePensi yeRashiya;
• Bala isaphulelo "kwingozi";
• Lungiselela iingxelo ngefomati kwiimeko zokusebenza.

Ziya kubhekiswa kuzo zonke iziganeko ezingentla apha? Uvavanyo lweemeko zokusebenza kwiindawo zokusebenzela kufuneka zenziwe ngokubhekiselele kubo bonke abasebenzi, ngaphandle kwabasebenzi basekhaya nabasebenzi abasebenza kude. Kukho akukho vavanyo lwabantu abangena kwiinkonzo zabasebenzi kunye nomqeshi-umntu ongeyena mrhwebi.

Indlela ukuhlolwa kweemeko zokusebenza kuqhutyelwe ngayo kubhaliwe kwiinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqaku. Nangona kunjalo, umthombo ochanekileyo ngowona mzekelo, i-FZ No. 426. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela omnye umbuzo obalulekileyo: ngethuba liphi ixesha elifunekayo eliza kwenziwa?

Luphi uvavanyo lweemeko zokusebenza?

Iimpawu zokulinganisela kweemeko zabasebenzi kufuneka zenziwe ubuncinane kanye emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Inkqubo yamanyathelo iyaniswe, ngokuqinisekileyo, nakanjani-kungakhathaliseki ukuba nayiphi iimeko eziyingozi zifunyenwe ngaphambili, okanye cha. Kukho nenani lezinto eziququzelele ukuphunyezwa kokuhlolwa okungafunekiyo kwezimo zokusebenza. Nazi ezinye iimeko ezinokufaka isandla ekuqhubeni isheke:

• Iindawo zokusebenzela ezicwangcisiweyo ezitsha zisebenza ngokutsha;
• Inhloko yentlangano ifumana "umyalezo" evela kumhloli womsebenzi welizwe malunga nophicotho olungapheliyo;
• Ukubunjwa kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo okanye izinto ezisetyenziswayo ziyahluka (kodwa kuphela ukuba izinto ezinjalo ziyakuchukumisa kakubi abasebenzi beli shishini);
• Inkqubo ngokwayo iyatshintsha, izixhobo zokusebenza zitshintshwa (kwakhona, kuphela ukuba izixhobo ezinjalo zingakhuselekanga);
• Iindlela zokudibanisa okanye ukukhuselwa ngabanye zitshintshiswa okanye zithatyathwa ngokutsha;
• Emsebenzini yingozi okanye yengozi;
• Isiphakamiso sophicotho olungapheliyo lwe-enterprise evela kumanyano okanye omnye ummeli.

Ngoko ke, iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeemeko zokusebenza kunye nokuvavanywa kweemeko zokusebenza zingenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimizuzu yonke emihlanu. Ngokwezibalo, amashishini amaninzi abhekane nokuhlolwa okungapheliyo rhoqo. Yingakho ukulawulwa kwalolu hlobo okanye ukuba ishishini kufuneka linyameke kwaye lilumkele. Ukunyamekela ngokufanelekileyo abaqeshwa babo kuya kunceda ukuphuhlisa imveliso ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ukulahla rhoqo, kwaye ngoko ke kukhangela.

Iiklasi ze-4 ne-3 zeemeko zokusebenza

Ukuphononongwa kweemeko zokusebenza kugqitywa ngokusekwa kwamacandelo athile kunye neeklasi kwiindawo zokusebenza. Isenzo esinikeziwe sisetyenziselwa ukucacisa iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo kwiNgxowa-mali yePensheni yeRussian Federation, ubukhulu bayo kunye nobunye.

Ngoko, ziziphi iiklasi zeemeko zokusebenza? Yonke into incike kwizinga lokulimaza; Kukho amanqanaba amane:

• Inqanaba 4 - eliyingozi;
• Inqanaba 3 liyingozi;
• Inqanaba 2 livumelekile;
• Izinga eli-1 - eliphezulu.

Yintoni eyenza umsebenzi oyingozi? Ukuba sizama ukuchaza ngokufutshane iqela elinjalo lezakhono, ngoko sinokuthi umqeshwa ubonakaliswe kwimeko enobungozi kunye nenobungozi ngandlela-thile ingayingozi impilo kunye nempilo yomsebenzi. Kukho umngcipheko ophezulu wezifo ezisebenzayo.

Iklasi yesithathu, ebizwa ngokuba yingozi, ingasungulwa kwindawo yokusebenzela kuphela ukuba abantu abasebenzayo baphenjelelwe kwiimeko ezingaphephekanga ezigqithisileyo kwiimimiselo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Eli qela leemeko zokusebenza lihlukaniswe ngezi zilandelayo:

3.1. Esi sibini sichazwe njengesiqhelo seemeko zokusebenza apho umzimba womsebenzi udinga ixesha elincinci lokubuyisela. Umsebenzi wokutshintsha kunye neentsuku ezifunekayo kufuneka kubalwe.

3.2. Esi sibonelelo sibonakala ngokubonakala kwezifo ezikhanyayo kumqeshwa ngenxa yobungcali.

3.3. Eyona nto ibonakaliswe yinto yokusebenza kwezifo zokusebenza esezingeni elide.

3.4. Eyaziwa ngokuvela kwezifo zabasebenzi kwimo enzima kunye neqatha.

Iiklasi ze-2 ne-1 zeemeko zokusebenza

Iqela le sibini yimiqathango yokusebenza ebonakalayo eyamkelekileyo. Oku kubandakanya izinto ezingaphephekanga kwimveliso, kodwa engadluli kwimilinganiselo yokucoceka nokucoceka. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zeemeko zokusebenza zinika ukuba abasebenzi baseklasini yesibini banokuhlala benomngcipheko wokugula ngenxa yokungabi yindawo efanelekileyo yokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwemiqulu, umzimba wabasebenzi abanjalo unako ukubuyisela ngokuzeleyo ekutshintsheni okulandelayo ukusebenza. Ukongeza, izinto ezinobungozi aziyi kuba nefuthe elibi kubantu ngexesha elide okanye elifutshane.

Iqela lokugqibela yimiqathango yokusebenza efanelekileyo. Ukumiselwa kuphela xa kungekho zinto ezinobungozi okanye eziyingozi emsebenzini, kwaye kukho i-microclimate efanelekileyo ekhuthaza ukunyaniseka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Ukugqithiswa kwabasebenzi beqela lokuqala akuvumelekanga.

Ngaloo ndlela, iiklasi zeemeko zomsebenzi ezichazwe ngasentla zichazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye zilula. Ukuchonga ukuba yiliphi iqela lo msebenzi othile luza kuba nzima.

Kwiimpawu zokucoceka nokucoceko kweemeko zokusebenza

Ngo-2008, ngomhla kaMeyi-31, umyalelo weemibhobho yakhishwa. Inkonzo yoluntu kunye nokukhuselwa kwabathengi phantsi kombolo 103. Ngulo xwebhu oluvumile umyalelo wokuqhuba imisebenzi ehambelana nokuhlolwa kocwangco kunye nocwangco lweemeko zokusebenza. Ukuze kuqondwe kangcono indlela iimpawu zokucoceka kunye nococeko zeemeko zokusebenza kufuneka zenziwe ngayo, kuyafaneleka ukuba "ukuhamba" kwimiyalelo. Ngoko, ukuze kuhlanganiswe umgangatho wabasebenzi abaphantsi kokuqwalaselwa, okwenziwa ngumsebenzi ngezifo eziye zavela kwinkqubo yomsebenzi wakhe wezakhono, ezi zilandelayo zilandelayo mazibe zilandelayo:

1. Zonke iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko malunga nemimiselo yomsebenzi womqeshwa onesi sifo sobuchwepheshe echongwa kwaye eqokelelwe.
2. Impawu eziqwalaselwayo kufuneka zingabi ngaphezu kweentsuku ezi-7.
3. Isiqalo kufuneka sibhalwe kwiikopi ezi-4 kwaye sisayinwe ngabaphathi beengcali.
4. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, maxwebhu angaphezulu kunye neenkcukacha ezifunekayo kufuneka zicelwe.
5. Ukuba umqeshwa uye wafumanisa ukuba unokuxilongwa kwangaphambili, nawaphi na amaxwebhu kufuneka asetyenziswe, okuza kuqinisekiswa yimimiselo yemveliso engakhuselekanga ubomi kunye nempilo yomqeshwa.
6. Ekuchazeni izimo zokusebenza zomsebenzi, uxanduva lomsebenzi, kunye nolwazi oluvela ngqo kumqeshwa ngokwakhe, kufuneka lucatshungulwe.
7. Yonke ingcaciso malunga nokuphila, i-laboratory okanye izifundo ezichaphazelekayo kufuneka zenziwe njengesihlomelo kwisiqendu esicatshulweyo.
8. Iimbono zomsebenzi ngokwakhe, kunye nabasemagunyeni bakhe, amangqina kunye nabanye abantu bangasetyenziswa xa ukubunjwa kweemeko zokusebenza zokusebenza kuhlanganiswa kwaye kugcwaliswe xa etyhila isifo sobugcisa.

Bazalisa njani iimpawu zeemeko zokusebenza?

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ukuzoba ngayo aze akhuphe uphawu oqeqeshiweyo, uyazi, ngelishwa, asingabo bonke abantu ngokusebenzisa ulawulo yentlangano ethile. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba siyicinge umbuzo kakhulu ebalulekileyo nokungamandla: indlela ngobuchule igcwalisa uphawu zokusebenza iimeko abasebenzi wathumela ukuze axilongwe?

Loluphi uhlobo imilo kufuneka ukuba uthathe? Kwiimeko ezininzi, sicinga iimpawu ebhalwe kwifom ungenanto, nangona ngokupheleleyo imfuneko. Phaya phezulu kuluhlu lubonisa umsebenzi F. IO, umhla wokuzalwa, idilesi, inombolo yomnxeba kunye, ukuba ikhona, indawo zokufunda.

Xa liqulunqe inkcazelo emfutshane yemisebenzi yangaphambili abasebenzayo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuchaza umsebenzi edlulileyo yomntu oqeqeshiweyo, amabhaso bakhe kunye neempumelelo bafumana ukonzakala emsebenzini njalo njalo. D. Le Kumele ukuba abalinganiswa senziwa ukusebenza iimeko VTEK.

iimpawu isampula iimeko niyenzela ITU kunokubonwa efotweni ngezantsi.

Okulandelayo, chaza indawo yangoku lwabantu emsebenzini. Oku kwenziwa sele njengoko kuchaziwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Lubonisa indlela yokusebenza, umthwalo, ikhefu ukuphumla okanye sasemini, amaqondo obushushu kunye noxinzelelo emagumbini kakhulu ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mfuneko apha ukuba bathi bonke eyingozi imibandela yemveliso, kungenjalo inokubangela ukudideka. Yenza isenokukunika into eyahlukileyo (okanye icandelo). Kuya kufuneka ukhankanye kwinqanaba ngqo zengxolo Iingoma, izinto ezinobungozi emoyeni, njalo-njalo. D. Apha ke kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubhala zonke iinkcukacha kuhambo yoshishino yomqeshwa (ukuba ikhona). Xa "Isiphelo" kunokwenzeka ukuba abhale amathuba transfer ukuba umsebenzi lula kwaye akanangozi.

Udale uxwebhu zisayinwe yintloko yesebe kwabasebenzi, intloko yesebe zomthetho, ugqirha, nentloko lweshishini. Kufuneka kube khona, kakade, kunye noshicilelo.

Ngomhla uphawu kweemeko zokusebenza ngokwemvumelwano yengqesho

Njengokuba kubhaliwe yaziwa, ekwenzeni isithuba umntu isicelo umsebenzi ngokwemvumelwano yengqesho ukugcwalisa kwikholam yokugqibela "iimeko zokusebenza". Ibiya kuthetha ukuba akukho ngxaki. Nangona kunjalo, amashishini abaninzi badla ngokuxhomekeka ukuba sihlolwe ezininzi nezingacwangciselwanga, kodwa ngenxa yokuba spetsotsenka iimeko zokusebenza engekhoyo. Kufuneka wenze ntoni kule meko? Walile ukuqesha nabani, umgaqo, kude kube Isicelo spetsotsenke Kwafika impendulo? Akuthandeki ukuba le yeyona ndlela elungileyo kuzo.

Kakade ke, qhubeka ukuthatha umsebenzi amaqela ezahlukeneyo bukule nto. Noko ke, kukho ezincinane encinane. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba iimeko yabasebenzi spetsotsenki umqeshi singanqweneleka kakhulu ukubandakanya kuyo nayiphi na imvumelwano kweziqinisekiso yengqesho kunye nembuyiselo ububi. Yenza kwayo okukuyo ke, xa ukuvavanya kunye nokuhlola lugqityiwe. izenzo ezinjalo njengokwamkelekileyo osemthethweni ngokusemthethweni.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uvavanyo lweemeko zabasebenzi kufuneka ukuba zilibaziseke. Iimpawu yeemeko zokusebenza ngokwemvumelwano yengqesho kufuneka zenziwe ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka.