Iimvavanyo ze-serological: iintlobo, sebenzisa

isifo Laboratory phantse zonke izifo ezosulelayo isekelwe ekufumanekeni igazi antibodies yesigulane, leyo yenziweyo iantigens pathogen, iindlela serological. Zangena yezonyango kwi elinethoba ngasekupheleni - kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Uphuhliso inzululwazi iye yanceda ukuchaza isakhiwo antigenic eziphilayo kunye neefomula lwemichiza ityhefu zabo. Oku kuyenzeka ukuba wenze serum enyangayo nje kuphela kodwa diagnostic. Bona efunyenwe ekuqhubeni Iintsholongwane okuncitshiswe kwilebhu izilwanyana. Emva kweentsuku eziliqela ze efunxa imivundla igazi okanye neempuku walungisa iimveliso ezisetyenziselwa ekuchongweni iintsholongwane okanye ityhefu zabo besebenzisa iimvavanyo ze-serological.

Nokubonakaliswa lwangaphandle yale yokusabela kuxhomekeke kweemeko kuqulunqo wayo imo ezisegazini egazini yesigulane. Ukuba amagciwane amasuntswana ezingenakunyibilika, ukuba bahlale, lysed, akasakwazi okanye bakhonkxiwe serum. Ukuba awakwazi ezinyibilikayo, ivela isenzeko of neutralization okanye kwezulu.

agglutination (PA)

test agglutination serological nto kakhulu ezithile. Kulula ukwenza kwaye kwacaca ukubhaqa ngokukhawuleza phambi antigen e serum nomonde. Oku kusetyenziswa ekulungelelaniseni Vidal reaction (une esifo paratyphoid) kunye Weigl (yesifo).

Oku kusekelwe intsebenziswano ethile phakathi izilwa yabantu (okanye agglutinins) kunye neeseli ngeentsholongwane (agglyutenogenami). Emva intsebenziswano yabo kwakheka ngamasuntswana oko kwenze. Le uphawu oluvumelanayo. Kuba ukubeka indlela zingasetyenziswa arhente ophilayo okanye ofileyo ngeentsholongwane, nomngundo, lenyama, iiseli zegazi kunye neeseli somatic.

indlela Chemical yahlulwe ngezigaba ezibini:

1. Ezithile izilwa ambaxa (AT) kunye nezakhi (Ag).
2. Non-ngqo - isimemezelo of conglomerates AG-AT, oko lokusekwa agglutinate.

Reaction agglutination ngqo (TPHA)

Le ndlela sensitive ngaphezu ezidlulileyo. Isetyenziswa uxilongo izifo ezibangelwa ziibhaktheriya, amakhalane intracellular, lenyama. Kunjalo ezithile zokuva nokuba kungomlinganiselo omncinci kakhulu omzimba.

Kuba kuqulunqo wayo usebenzisa iiseli ezibomvu iigusha nyulu kunye iiseli ezibomvu abantu pretreated kunye izilwa okanye awakwazi (oko kuxhomekeke koko ilebhu ufuna ukufumana). Kwezinye iimeko, iiseli igazi lomntu abomvu kunyangwa immunoglobulins. impendulo Serologic of erythrocytes kucingwa isebenza xa imvula yawo yenzekile emazantsi ityhubhu. Basabela kakuhle sinokuthi xa zicwangciswe iiseli imilo iambrela zocaphulo, abahlala yonke ezantsi. Indlela abasabela ezigxekayo amanqaku xa iiseli ezibomvu egazini azinze ngohlobo umhlathi okanye amaqhosha embindini ezantsi.

imvula reaction (RP)

iimpendulo ze-serological yale hlobo bakhonza ukuchonga amasuntswana nezakhi ezincinane kakhulu. Oku kunokuba, umzekelo, iiprotheni (okanye iinxalenye zayo), iikhompawundi ze iiprotheni kunye lipids okanye carbohydrate, inxalenye iintsholongwane kunye ityhefu zabo.

Sera kuba basabela ifunyenwe yi ohlaselo ngumntu zezilwanyana, ngokokuqhelekileyo imivundla. Kule ndlela, ungafumana ngokupheleleyo nayiphi serum ayeke. Mvelo serological kwezulu Indlela efanayo inyathelo agglutination. Ezi zithinteli eziqulathwe kwi-serum Zinxibe ukuba buhlungu ezisegazini kwi isisombululo colloidal ukwenza iimolekyuli protein eninzi, leyo ezifakwe kwi emazantsi ityhubhu okanye zeendawana (gel). Le ndlela ithathwa ngokuba kakhulu ezithile yaye uphawula likhangela izixa ukwimo.

Isetyenziswa ukuxilonga isibetho, tularemia, anthrax, meningitis kunye nezinye izifo. Kwakhona inxaxheba kwiimviwo lwasenkundleni.

Gel kwezulu test

Iimvavanyo ze-serological enokwenziwa nje kuphela medium elulwelo, kodwa yejeli agarose. Oku kuthiwa ndlela kwezulu kwentamo. Ngayo, ukufunda ukwakhiwa kwimixube ezintsonkothileyo antigenic. Le ndlela isekelwe phezu chemotaxis antigen ukuba izilwa-buhlungu, kunye vice versa. Le gel uhambise ngako komunye ngezantya ezahlukeneyo kunye intlanganiso ukwenza imigca kwezulu. line nganye - iseti enye ye K-AT.

Neutralization exotoxin antitoxin (DB)

serum Antitoxic nga yokungenelela exotoxin apho iintsholongwane imveliso. Ngokusekelwe kule nkcukacha kunye iimvavanyo ze-serological. Microbiology usebenzisa le ndlela ngenxa titration yeseram, ubuthi toxoids, kwakunye nomsebenzi wabo nezinyangayo. Amandla neutralization le tyhefu ixhomekeke ziiyunithi eziqhelekileyo - AE.

Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa le yokusabela ukufumanisa iintlobo okanye iindidi ehlelo exotoxin. Lusetyenziswa lokufunyaniswa uminxano, isifo somqala omhlophe, izinto ezibolileyo. Uphononongo enokwenziwa "kwi iglasi", kwaye ijeli.

lysis reaction (RL)

I-serum omzimba, apho ungena umzimba umguli, iye, ngaphandle umsebenzi wayo ophambili ka umzimba kwizifo, nkqu kunye neempawu lytic. Kuyinto olukwazi dutywa arhente ngeentsholongwane, izinto zeselula kunye angaphandle virus nghena umzimba umguli. Kuxhomekeka ingakumbi omzimba zifakiwe kwi-serum bodwa bactericidin, cytolysins, spirohetoliziny, hemolysins kunye nezinye.

Ezi omzimba athile ibizwa ngokuba "ngumphelelisi". Ifumaneka phantse zonke neencindi zomzimba, isiphathele isakhiwo protein kwaye ke kunobuzaza kakhulu ukwanda ubushushu, Zahexa, asidi kunye kwelanga ngqo. Kodwa urhulumente esomileyo uyakwazi ukugcina iimpawu zazo lytic leenyanga ezintandathu.

Kukho ezinye iintlobo zovavanyo ze-serological yolu didi:

- bacteriolysis;

- hemolysis.

Bacteriolysis ikhutshwa phandle usebenzisa serum igazi yomguli kunye serum ezithile omzimba kunye ziintsholongwane eziphilayo. Ukuba, ngoko ke umphandi ubona lysis amagciwane, kwaye impendulo ziya kuqwalaselwa njenge inani elaneleyo inayo ekhoyo egazini.

Impendulo serological igazi yesibini kukuba kokunqunyaniswa erythrocytes ngayo serum equlathe hemolysins nomonde, ezo yasebenza kuphela xa kukho kunconywa ethile. Ukuba kukho into enye, ngoko ke ilebhu ubukele zokuchithwa iiseli ezibomvu zegazi. Le yokusabela sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi amayeza mihla ukujonga titer of ngumphelelisi (oko kukuthi, imali yayo incinane ingqondo lysis iiseli ezibomvu zegazi) kwi-serum igazi ekuveliseni ngumphelelisi yokubopha kulingwa. Yaba ngale ndlela kuqhutywa indlela serological yomkhuhlane i-negcushuwa - Wasserman.

nitrogen labasebenzi (RSK)

Le yokusabela isetyenziselwa ukubona izilwa-serum isigulane se-arhente ezasulelayo kwakunye ukuchonga umsunguli lwesakhiwo yayo antigenic.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku siye wachaza i kwiimvavanyo ezilula serological. RAC ingqalelo indlela enzima, ekubeni basebenzisane ababini, kodwa ezintathu izinto: izoba, i iantigens ezihlobeneyo. kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba intsebenziswano phakathi lomzimba kunye iantigens kwenzeka kuphela xa kukho proteins uncoma zona adsorbed phezu komhlaba yabumba ezintsonkothileyo K-AT.

Ngokwabo antigen emva ukongeza ngumphelelisi ngokuxhomekeke utshintsho ezinkulu, abonisa umgangatho basabela njani. Oku kunokuba lysis, hemolysis, immobilization, bactericidal okanye isiphumo bacteriostatic.

Indlela abasabela ngokwayo livela ngokwezigaba ezibini:

1. Ukwenziwa omzimba-iantigens, nto leyo abangaboniyo uphando azikaqapheleki.
2. Ukutshintsha Isilwa phantsi yesenzo ngumphelelisi. ngokuqhelekileyo Esi sigaba inokulandwa ngeliso lenyama. Ukuba impendulo olubonakalayo ayibonakali, ngoko sebenzisa inkqubo Isalathisi olongezelelweyo ekuvumela ukuba ukubona utshintsho.

inkqubo Isalathisi

Le ndlela isekelwe phezu nomphetho owujikelezileyo ngumphelelisi. Kwimibhobho test iyure emva kokuba isicwangciso RSK wongezelela erythrocytes iigusha nyulu kunye hemolytic serum hayi equlethe ngumphelelisi. Ukuba ityhubhu wasala umphelelisi engadityaniswanga, iya joyina ezintsonkothileyo N-AT wabumba phakathi iiseli iigusha hemolysin, Wabukhanyisa nokonakala kwabo. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-DGC i negative. Ukuba iiseli ezibomvu zegazi wahlala unjalo, ngoko, oko, basabela yi-HIV.

hemagglutination (rha)

Kukho iindidi ezimbini hemagglutination bohluke. Omnye wabo - serological, isetyenziselwa isigqibo amaqela igazi. Kulo mzekelo erythrocytes ukusebenzisana kunye omzimba.

Kwaye indlela yesibini akazalani serological, ekubeni iiseli ezibomvu basabela kunye hemagglutinin eziveliswa ngamagciwane. Ekubeni exciter ngalinye izenzo kuphela erythrocytes ezithile (chicken, iigusha, inkawu), kuthathwa indlela abasabela esinda ezithile.

Ecacileyo ngendlela eyakhayo okanye awunayo, kunokwenzeka ukuba indawo iiseli zegazi emazantsi ityhubhu. Ukuba Baqikelela ifana iambrela omfusa, ngoko intsholongwane efunekayo ekhoyo egazini yesigulane. Ukuba zonke iiseli ezibomvu igazi wambumba njenge ntsika ezinkozo, akukho kwamagciwane ezingaziwayo.

Reaction of hemagglutination inhibition (Hai)

Le yokusabela kakhulu ezithile, nto leyo evumela ukuseka ifomu, uhlobo ntsholongwane okanye ubukho omzimba athile kwi-serum igazi yesigulane.

kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba omzimba yongezwe ityhubhu equlathe izinto test, kuthintela yokulahlwa kwe-buhlungu ezisegazini kwi erythrocytes, ngaloo ndlela ukuyeka hemagglutination. Oku kubonisa esemgangathweni phambi nezakhi elithile igazi yintsholongwane ethile adingekayo.

Reaction immunofluorescence (RIF)

Indlela abasabela isekelwe ukukwazi ukuchonga izakhiwo kunye AT-AH flourescent microscopy emva iidayi flyuorohromnymi unyango. Le ndlela elula ukuyisebenzisa, ayifuni bodwa inkcubeko ecocekileyo kwaye kuthatha ixesha elincinane. Kuyinto buyafuneka ukwenzela iziphumo zokuxilonga ngokukhawuleza kwezifo ezosulelayo.

Ukuziqhelisa, ezi mvavanyo serological zahlulwe iindidi ezimbini: ngqo nengxelo-ntetho.

Direct RIF avelise antigen leyo ngaphambili ukuqhubekekiswa serum ezibengezelayo. Kwaye ngqo kukuba ichiza iphathwa kuqala nge diagnosticum eqhelekileyo eziquka antibodies iantigens olifunayo uze ungene isicelo-yintloya ezijiko-jiko, nto leyo ngqo kwiiproteni ze zakhiwo K-AT, neseli ngeentsholongwane sibonakale yi microscopy.