Iingqungquthela uJan Rainis: i-biography, iimpawu zobuchule, izinto ezinomdla

UJan Rainis ungumlobi waseLatvia owaziwayo, umbhali obalaseleyo, umcangali kunye nezopolitiko, obenomthelela omkhulu ekubunjweni kwenkcubeko kunye nokuzimela kwelizwe labantu kwilizwe lakhe ngexesha lokuzimela.

Ubuntwana

Янис Плиекшанс (igama lomlobi, anikezwe ngaye ekuzalweni) wazalwa ngoSeptemba 11, 1865 kwifa laseTadenava - kwikona ekude kakhulu yaseLatvia, ephondo laseColland. Isiko lenkcubeko elisondeleyo kula mazwe laliyidolophu yabasitolo, abaqhibi, abachweli - iDinaburg (Daugavpils). Le nkwenkwe ifunde ukugcina uluntu; Ukususela kwimibono yokuqala yobuntwana, wakhumbula i-summer best, amasimu amahle aluhlaza, amachibi ahlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iindlela ezinqabileyo zehlathi kunye nelanga, amandla akhe aphilileyo ahlala evakalelwa kwimbongo yombhali. Kwimali yokubumba komntu wabalobi bexesha elizayo kwaziswa ngumama wakhe, uDartha Plikshane, umfazi oqilileyo kunye nosebenzayo. Wahlabelela kakhulu, kwaye uJan Rainis wakwazi ukubhala inani elikhulu leengoma zomculo.

Uyise kaYan wayeyindoda enomdla-umntu omele ukuzimela ngokuzimeleyo imeko yemali kwaye wanika umntwana wakhe imfundo ephezulu. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, le nkwenkwana yayifanelekile ngesiRashiya naseJamani, kamva yafunda isiLatini nesiFrentshi. Ngoqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo nolwazi lweJanis, kuyacaca ukuba imbongi leyo yayifanelekile kwisiLithuania, isiBelarusian, isiPolish nesiTaliyane.

Iminyaka yeGymnasium

Ukususela ngo-1880, i-Rainis Jan yangena kwi-Riga City Gymnasium, ngoko "yakhawula" i-granite yesayensi kwiYunivesithi yeSt. Petersburg kwiziko lezomthetho. NgokukaJan, wakhetha uqeqesho lwegqwetha, kuba wayefuna ukuba ngumntu ngokwakhe ebomini bakhe, aguqulwe ibe ngcono. Ngeli xesha wafunda ezininzi; Le yimisebenzi yabalobi bamaxesha amandulo (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Homer, uHerodotus, Plutarch) kunye nabalobi bexesha langoku (uShakespeare, Byron, uLermontov, uShelley, Heine, Pushkin). Ngokufanayo, wayebandakanyeka kwiinguqulelo zemisebenzi emikhulu yee-classic zehlabathi.

KwakuseSt. Petersburg, indawo yokuguquguquka, ukuba imbongi yayifungela ukuthembeka kwi-proletariat kwaye yayinomdla kwaze kwaba ngumhla wokugqibela.

Umsebenzi woluntu

Emva kokugqitywa kweemfundo zakhe, uJan Rainis, onobomi bakhe buziqheno ngokukhethekileyo kubantu bakubo, wafumana umsebenzi kwiindawo ezizodwa: kuqala eVilnius, ngoko e-Berlin, paneverys, eJelgava. Emva kokukhusela ngo-1891, i -sissis yaba ngumviwa wee-jurisprudence, kodwa ngokuthe kancinci yathi ukuyeka umsebenzi othembisayo wegqwetha. Ngelo xesha, uJan Reinis wayenomdla kakhulu kwizopolitiko, wayethanda umsebenzi wokubhala, wafumana umsebenzi kwiphephandaba laseDienas Lapa, elikufuphi nomoya wentlalo-democracy. Yayiyiminyaka yokuhlela eyayiba yinto ebalaseleyo yokusebenza kweendaba zikaJan Reinis. Umbongi wabhala umbongo, ukuphononongwa, ukuphononongwa kwezepolitiko kunye namaqaku angenangqondo, waba ngongomnye weendaba ezilungileyo kakhulu ezifunayo zelizwe lakhe.

Kwikhonkco

I-Poet Rainis uJan, ene-biography ivuselela umdla wabaninzi abafundi, ukulwa ngokuzimisela iingcamango eziguqukayo, apho wayehlala eentolongweni ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngowokuqala wafakwa entolongweni ngowe-1897. Ngomnyaka we-1899, imbongi leyo yaxoshwa iminyaka emi-5 kwiphondo laseViatka - elinye lamaziko ekuthinjweni kwezombusazwe, eyaziwayo ngamanqatha ayo angapheliyo kunye nehlathi elingenakunqandwa. Kwakukho, kwidolophu yaseRashiya yasephondo yaseRashiya ephethe umsebenzi wokomoya, i-Rainis yashicilela iqoqo lokuqala lembongo elithi "Ama-echoes amakhulu ebusuku buluhlaza" (1903), ngokucacileyo ibonisa indlela yakhe yobugcisa kunye yokomoya iminyaka engama-20.

Xa ebuyela ekhaya, i-Rainis yachitha iminyaka emibini ebalulekileyo kakhulu yobomi. Ngaloo nto imbongi yayitshatile isithandwa esidumileyo sase-Aspazia, wayeneminyaka engama-38 ubudala, kwaye wayenomdla ngokugcwele emsebenzini kunye nomsebenzi wobugcisa. U-Ian wanikela iintetho ezininzi kwiintlanganiso zeentlanganiso kunye neentlanganiso, wathatha inxaxheba ebonakalayo kwiCongress of Teachers of Latvia, wabambisana ne-Social Democrats, waya eMoscow njengomthunywa. Ngovuyo kunye novuyo, imbongi yenzelwa inguqulelo ka-1905, apho wayithatha inxaxheba.

Impumelelo ebalulekileyo yeli xesha yayinomdlalo omkhulu wevesi "Umlilo nobusuku" - umsebenzi omhle we drama yaseLatvia.

Iincwadi ze-Biography kunye nobhali

U-Rainis Jan, kunye nomfazi wakhe emva kokutshatyalaliswa kokuvukela izixhobo ezifudumele eSwitzerland, apho wahlala khona iminyaka eyi-15. Leli lizwe elo mbongo libize ilizwe lakhe lesibili. Lapha umbhali wabona imisebenzi enjengokuthi "Ukuphela nokuQala", "Incwadi Ephulileyo", "I-New Force", "Abo abangazange balibale", "I-Daugava", "I-Way, i-Breeze", "Umlilo nobusuku", "uYosefu" Kwaye nabazalwana bakhe "," iHorasi yegolide ". Iimidlalo kunye nemilolozo ye-Rainis yaba yimizekelo engcono yeembongo zeLatvia, ezazisetyenziselwa ukuba zibe zizibini kwaye zixelise uncwadi lwaseJamani.

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi

Xa ebuyela eLatvia emele, apho wadibana nomkakhe ngamawaka abantu njengamaqhawe esizwe, uJan Rainis wabhala intlekele "i-Ilya Muromets", waza wapapasha incwadi yeengqungquthela "Iingqungquthela ezinhlanu zeDagda". Emva kokuchitha iminyaka eyisi-9 yokugqibela yobomi bakhe eRiga, imbongi yayithatha inxaxheba ebomini kwezopolitiko, yanyulwa kwi-assembly assembly yaseLatvia, yayingomnye wabalobi bomgaqo-siseko welizwe kwaye yabandakanyeka kwintambo kamongameli eyayilahlekileyo. Ukususela ngo-1921 ukuya ku-1925 wasebenza njengomlawuli we-Art Theater. Inani elikhulu leemisebenzi ezibukrakra lalisenziwa yi-National Theater ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Rainis. Ukususela ngo-1926 ukuya ku-1928, uJan Rainis wayengumphathiswa wezeMfundo, kwaye ngowe-1925 wamkela ibhaso eliphezulu lelizwe-iMyalelo yeeNkwenkwezi ezintathu ze-degree.

Ubomi bomlobi waseLatvia waphazamiseka eJurmala ngoSeptemba 12, 1929. UJan Rainis washiya ngokukhawuleza, eshiya kwizinto zokugcina izinto ezingaphezulu kwekhulu. Wangcwatywa ngumlobi owaziwayo emhlabeni kwiNcwaba elitsha, kamva wabizwa emva kwakhe. Ngo-1943 kufuphi noJan, umkakhe uAspaziya wangcwatywa.

Imidlalo kaJan Rainis iqhutywe kwiinqanaba zeingcali zaseLatvia kuphela, kodwa yonke imbulunga, kunye nesibongo sakhe, eshicilelwe kwiinguqulelo ezintsha, ifumana izigidi zabafundi.