"Uphila njengobomi," u-Chukovsky. Isishwankathelo, uhlalutyo

Okokuqala, uKornei Ivanovich Chukovsky uyaziwa njengombhali weengoma zezingane malunga neMoidodyr kunye nezihlalo ezindizayo. Kwakhona umlobi wayengumgxeka olwabhaliweyo kwaye wayekhuthaza ukulondolozwa kolwimi lwaseRussia olunzulu, olucacileyo. Incwadi ethi "Ukuphila NjengeBomi" (yokuqala eyapapashwa ngo-1962), eyanikezelwa kulo mbandela, yaba yiklasi. Siza kuthetha ngomxholo walo namhlanje.

Isahluko 1: "Odala kunye Ntsha"

Ibali legosa elidumiweyo kunye nomfundi wezemfundo u-Anatoly Kony uvula isahluko sokuqala esithi "Uphila njengoBomi" (Chukovsky), isishwankathelo esifutshane esiya kuhlalutya ngoku. UAnatoly Fyodorovich wayengumntu onomusa omkhulu. Kodwa kwada kwangoko nje ndakuva inkulumo engummangaliso yaseRashiya. Kwakungekho umda kumsindo wakhe, nangona kwakusoloko u-interlocutor engazange atyala.

Inyaniso kukuba ngelo xesha i-academic academician wayesekhulile. Waza waza wakhula ngaloo mihla xa igama "ngokuqinisekileyo" lithetha "inceba, inhlonipho". Kodwa yafumana intsingiselo eyahlukileyo ngexesha, kwaye ngoku ithetha "ngeendlela zonke." Wonke umntu osebenzise igama elithi "ngokuqinisekileyo" ngokwemvakalelo "ngeendlela zonke," ngokukhawuleza waba phantsi kokugxeka.

Ngaloo tshintsho ngolwimi, kwaye malunga nokuba oku kuhlale kukubi, malunga "nezifo" zeNtetho yaseRashiya kunye nomhlobo uKornei Ivanovich Chukovsky uxela kule ncwadi.

Isahluko sesiBini: "Izifo ezithandwayo kunye - Okwenene"

Yintoni enokuthi ithatyathwe ngokuthi "isifo segama"? Incwadi ethi "Alive njengoBomi" (i-Chukovsky), uhlobo lwayo olukwazi ukuchazwa njengesiphambano phakathi kweendaba kunye nophando lweelwimi, lunceda ukuqonda le ngxaki.

Ngaba wayesazi ukuba kwimibongo yePushkin igama elithi "utyhafile" linentsingiselo engavamile kuthi - "i-haberdashery"? Igama elithi "intsapho", eliqhelekileyo, liqale lichaze izigqila kunye nabakhonzi, kwaye emva koko-umfazi. Inzala "yomnombo" kunye negama elithi "umonakalo". Ekuqaleni, oku kwakuyigama lesidlo esihle kakhulu senkulungwane ye-17, eyayithandwa yinkwenkwe. Emva koko intlungu ebuhlungu esiswini, ebangelwa yintetho encinci encinci, yaqala ukubizwa ngokuba yi-mess. Amajoni apheka aphonsa intlanzi engcolileyo entlabathi, i-anyanisi, iibisiki, i-sauerkraut kunye nayo yonke into eyayisondele. Kwaye kuphela "imfucuza" ithola intsingiselo eqhelekileyo "yokudideka, ukuphazamiseka."

Ezi zinguqu zendalo, ulwimi lukhula kwaye lukhula, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuxhathisa kunye nobudenge, umbhali ukholelwa.

Isahluko sesithathu: "Amagama alungileyo"

Esi sahluko kukuqhubekeleka kwengqiqo yangaphambili. Incwadi ethi "Alive njengoBomi" (i-Chukovsky), umxholo omfutshane esikuxubusha ngawo, awuyi kuzaliswa ngaphandle kwamazwi angaphandle. UKornei Chukovsky wabhala ezininzi iileta ezivela kubantu abaqhelekileyo abakhathalele ukhuseleko lwesiRashiya. Abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba amagama angaphandle kufuneka axoshwe ngokukhawuleza.

Umbhali unikela imizekelo yamagama angaphandle ayenjalo ukusuka kwisiRashiya: i-algebra, utywala, i-stocking, i-artel, i-rally, i-wheel wheel, i-rail, i-naive, inzulu ... "Ngaba ingayikhululwa ngaphandle kwintetho ephilayo yaseRashiya?" Ucela u Chukovsky. Ngexesha elifanayo uyavuya kukuba amagama angamazwe angaphandle ayengenayo ingcambu ebomini bemihla ngemihla kwaye akazange ahluthe amaRashiya asekuhlaleni. Ngokomzekelo, xa isiqhelo esithi "frishtikat" asisoze safika kulwimi lomntu oqhelekileyo. Kunoko, "sidla isidlo sakusasa".

Isahluko sesine: "Umslopogasy"

Iifomfrithi zomlomo azikwazi ukuphazamisa ulwimi lwesiRashiya. Kodwa kumsebenzi othi "Uphila njengoBomi" (Chukovsky), ohlalutyo lwethu oluqhubayo, isahluko esipheleleyo sinikezelwe kubo. Akunanto. Ziyakucala ezibonisa ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani ukumodareyitha kuyo yonke into. Ngokomzekelo, ukutyunjwa okufana ne-Moscow Art Theatre, ibhanki elondolozayo, umhla wokusebenza awuzange ulilahle inkulumo yaseRussia.

Kodwa indlela yokunciphisa iye yazala kwaye "ezininzi izilo". I-Tverbul Pampush eqinisweni - iTverskoy Boulevard, isikhumbuzo ukuya ePushkin. Amagama afutshane ngokufutshane - uPeter Pavlovich waphenduka uPe Pe kubafundi kunye nabanye ootitshala. Kodwa kakhulu kunazo zonke zazikho izicucu-pallindromy Rosglavstankoinstrumentsnabsbyt, Lengorshveytikotazhpromsoyuz, Lengormetallorprompromsoyuz kunye nabanye balolu hlobo.

Kule mfuneko kuyimfuneko yokufikelela kwisiphetho, enye yeyona nto ephambili: yonke into ixhomekeke kwisimo sengqondo kunye nokulingana.

Isahluko Sesihlanu: "Iimvumbagram"

Abafundi bee-1960 bavame ukucinga ukuba amagama anjalo "ahlambalaza", anjenge "syvolapy", "ibhulukhwe", "utywala", "inkunkuma", "vuthela impumlo" kunye nezinye izinto ezinjalo eziyimvelo kwindoda yanamhlanje. Umbhali ukhumbula inobumba ecetywayo ebhekiswe kuye ngokusebenzisa igama elithi "field" kwinqaku.

Ngokungafaniyo i-vulgar slang yolutsha lwanamhlanje, ubhala esithi "Uphila njengoBomi" u-Chukovsky. Isishwankathelo sesahluko sebhotile phantsi kwezinto ezinjalo njenge-"Fuflo", "i-vshhenyapilsya" (esikhundleni sokuthi "ngothando"), "chuvika", "kadrishka", "kadrishka" (esikhundleni se "ntombazana"), "lobuda", "shikara" kunye nabanye bahlambalaza Kuphela ulwimi lwesiRashiya, kodwa kunye neengcamango abantu abatsha abakuchaza ngazo.

Umbhali ngokuchanekileyo uyaqaphela ukuba umntu owaziyo, oye waxubusha nge-croquet, amava kude nale miva yothando ephakamileyo echazwe kwimibongo ka-Alexander Blok. Ukutyunjwa kolwimi ngeentlobo ezikhohlakeleyo ekuphumeni kokuziphatha, ngoko ke, intetho kufuneka ichithwe ngentshiseko.

Isahluko sesithandathu: "I-Chancellery"

Kwakuyiincwadi kaKorney Chukovsky ethi "Alive njengoBomi" eyanike igama elithi "ugula" lwangempela lwentetho yaseRussia - kubhala wenkundla. Eli gama lisetyenziswe ngeelwimi, kuquka umguquleli uNora Gal encwadini ethi "Ilizwi labaphilayo nabafileyo."

Iofisi yilwimi ye-bureaucracy, amaphepha amashishini kunye neeofisi. Zonke ezi "ngasentla", "zinike isatifiketi", "ixesha elichaziweyo", "ngale ndlela", "ngoko ke", "ngenxa yokungenwa", "ekungabikho", "ngokuqinisekileyo" bathathe indawo yabo kwixwebhu loshishino ( Nangona ngamanye amaxesha kufinyelela kwindawo yokungaqondi).

Ingxaki kukuba unobhala wangena ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo oluthethiweyo. Ngoku endaweni ye "hlathini eluhlaza" baqala ukuthi "ubunzima obuhlaza", "ukuxabana" okuqhelekileyo kwaba "ingxabano", njalo njalo. Ezi mpukelo zentetho, ezibolekwe kumaphepha ahlukeneyo, ziye zaba "uvavanyo lwe-litmus". Kwakukholelwa ukuba wonke umntu oqeqeshwe, ophethwe kakuhle kufuneka abe namazwi anjalo kwisigama sakhe.

Kwakucatshangelwa ukuba i-rustic kwaye ingabonakaliyo kuthi kwithediyo "Kwadlula iimvula ezinkulu". Kunoko, kwakusithi "Imvula enkulu yawa." Ngelishwa, ingxaki ye-chancellery ayizange iphele. Namhlanje, esi sifo someleze isikhundla sayo nangakumbi. Akukho senzululwazi inokukhusela isicatshulwa esibhalwe ngolwimi olulula, oluqondakalayo. Ubomi bemihla ngemihla, sihlala sifaka amabinzana ebhaliweyo, singakhange siqaphele. Ngoko iilwimi ezizithethileyo , eziqinileyo, eziqhelekileyo zaseRussia ziguqulela zibe ziimfene kwaye zome. Yaye le yodwa isifo seelwimi ekufuneka silwe nayo.

Isahluko Sesixhenxe: "Ngokumelene Nezinto"

Abaninzi bayazi ukuba ulwimi lwesiRashiya luyinto engenakukwazi ukuhlangabezana nayo. Ngoko ubhala kwi "Alive njengoBomi" u-Chukovsky. Isishwankathelo sokugqibela, isahluko sesibhozo sigxobhela ukuba ngelixa ixesha ulwazi lufumaneka kuwo wonke umntu, izikolo eziqhelekileyo nezihlwaya zivulekile, akukho mntu unelungelo lokungafundi, ukungahloneli ulwimi.

Wonke amagama angalunganga kunye nokuguquka kwamagama kufuneka apheliswe, kwaye inkcubeko yabantu kufuneka ikhule, ingawa. Kwaye ukuthetha nje kuyisalathisi sokukhula okanye ukuncipha kweenkcubeko.

Iziphumo

UK. Chukovsky, ngophando lwakhe, waqalisa ingxoxo enkulu malunga nolwimi lwesiRashiya. Akazange alandele kwelinye icala kwaye aphuma kwiinkcukacha ezichongiweyo ngokucophelela kunye nokuqonda kwenkqubo. NjengoK. Paustovsky, uKornei Ivanovich wayemthanda kakhulu isiRashiya, ngoko "Ukuphila njengoBomi" kuseyincwadi kuze kube namhlanje, okufuneka ifundwe yiyo yonke - iilwimi kunye nabo bafuna ukuthandana nentetho ephilayo elula yaseRashiya.