Iintlobo amalaphu zokwenziwa, iimpawu zazo

zobugcisa zale mihla ziye wachukumisa zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Mhlawumbi noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo i - lo mzekelo iphawulekayo nenzululwazi kweli inkonzo zasekhaya. Ngenxa umchiza Yindibanisela le ndoda yafumanisa ukuvelisa kwimicu ngempahla ezinqwenelekayo. Kufuneka ukwahlula amalaphu iisoyi kunye zokwenziwa.

ngefayibha zokwenziwa polima eziveliswa ngayo ngamachiza. Okubonakalayo kuba kuyo ioli, igesi yendalo okanye namalahle. Of amalaphu esiyenziwe ngempahla ezizodwa eyenziweyo impahla, impahla zokhuselo ukulungiselela iimeko ezinzima, imilo.

imicu Synthetic ziveliswa processing emzimbeni zempahla ekrwada. Ngongcono owaziwayo umzekelo of a laphu ezinjalo viscose kufunyanwe kwincindi (imithi).

Amalaphu ezenziwe kwimicu eyenziweyo banamalungelo eziliqela nezingeloncedo xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zendalo.

iimpawu ngokubanzi imicu zokwenziwa

Phezu kwayo yonke ngokwahlukahlukana kwazo, inkoliso iiplastiki ezineefitsha eqhelekileyo. Ngu amalaphu zokwenziwa eziluncedo ziquka esemgangathweni.

• Kwalo. amalaphu Artificial ziye zaphucuka, banxibe ukumelana, musa ibole, umonakalo izinambuzane kunye ngumngundo. technology aphuphe ezizodwa kunye yokudaya elandelayo kwimicu inika umbala kombala. Abanye iqela zase zokwenziwa ezingazinzanga elangeni.
• Ndandifeketha na. Impahla eyenziwe ezenziwe inobunzima ngaphantsi kakhulu kuyaphi kunezixhobo yayo yendalo.
• Bome ngokukhawuleza. ngefayibha ezininzi zokwenziwa musa ukufunxa ukufuma okanye iipropati mathumbu amanzi, ngamanye ube hygroscopicity eliphantsi.
• Ngenxa yokubhuqiswa imveliso mveliso kunye feedstock zamaxabiso aphantsi, iithishu ezininzi ngumntu ziphantsi kweendleko. Xa imveliso ukufumana imveliso eziphezulu nexabiso eliphantsi, ekhuthaza uphuhliso shishino. abenzi abaninzi nokulawula iimpawu uzobe olwenziwe iincwadi nezinto ezizifunayo ngokungqinelana kunye neminqweno lwabathengi ezinkulu.

Ilishwa zibangelwa into umbandela ngumntu inokuba nempembelelo embi kwi esiphilayo.

• Ezenziwe angemi umbane static (umbane).
• Kungahle uxabana, hypersensitivity amacandelo zeekhemikhali.
• Inkoliso izicwili yokufakelwa musa ukufunxa ukufuma - ngokufanelekileyo, musa ukufunxa ukubila kwaye iipropati zisempilweni ephantsi.
• Musa ukuvumela emoyeni - kukwabalulekile ukuba ukuveliswa iimpahla kunye nelinen.

Ezinye iimpawu kwimicu eyenziweyo ukuqonda kuzo ebezintle nezo zingentle, ngokuxhomekeke izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba laphu ayikho nomoya, ukuba nebeka ukuba ngemihla banxibe. Kodwa ke iingubo eliphezulu izinto ezinjalo kuya kufaneleka kakhulu ukukhusela nxamnye yemozulu embi.

Ukuveliswa inyama zokwenziwa

Amalungelo abenzi kuqala kwasungulwa imicu eyenziweyo zinxulumene nexesha imi--30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ngowe-1932 eJamani kakuhle imveliso PVC ifayibha. Ngowe-1935, elabhoratri yenkampani American Dupont kuhlanganiswa polyamide. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba 'nenayiloni ". imveliso Industrial waqala 1938, yaye emva konyaka, ukuba sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo le.

Umgaqo-nkqubo yiSoviet ingabula ebanzi ngempumelelo chemistry wabanjwa ekrexeza kule 60s. Ekuqaleni ezenziwe waqonda indawo olutshiphu amalaphu yendalo yaye ke ngoko waqalisa ukusetyenziselwa ukwenziwa ngeeyunifomu kunye iisuti zokuzikhusela. Ekuphuhliseni isiseko yenzululwazi waqala ukudala amalaphu ngempahla ezahlukeneyo. Le Iipholima inoveli banamalungelo bokuba phezu amalaphu zendalo: ukuba alula, namandla kwaye ziyamelana umhlwa.

amalaphu iisoyi kunye zokwenziwa ayashiyana indlela esenziwe kunye noqoqosho indices zemveliso. okubonakalayo malunga nokuveliswa ezenziwe zitshiphu kwaye ayafikeleleka kakhulu, ngoko eli sebe ushishino ifumene kuqala kuphuhliso. Macromolecules Imicu kuhlelwe ukusuka iikhompawundi ephantsi ubunzima eziphilayo. ubugcisa ngoku zinika material ezineempawu kwangaphambili.

Nemisonto wabumba inyibilika okanye izisombululo. Basenokuba yinto enye, enzima okanye ngohlobo iziqhuma zabo kwimicu ukuze ufumane ubude ethile (ngoko kubo ukuvelisa vulu). Ngaphezu koko zixhobo zakha izinto bhanyabhanya kunye moldings (izinto iimpahla kunye nezihlangu) kunobukhulu yokuqala zokwenziwa.

ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe

Okwangoku ceba amawaka eziliqela Imisonto imichiza, kunye nezinto ezintsha ukubonakala kunyaka ngamnye. Ngokutsho isakhiwo eekhemikhali zonke iintlobo amalaphu eyenziweyo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini: carbon elide kunye hetero. Iqela ngalinye lwahlulwe nomnye kufuneka iipropati ezifanayo emzimbeni kunye nokusebenza.

ezenziwe carbon-chain

Zemichiza chain macromolecule carbochain izihlunu zokwenziwa iqulathe ncakasana athom carbon (hydrocarbon). Kwi qela zezi subgroups zilandelayo:

• polyacrylonitrile;
• Polyvinyl chloride;
• Polyvinyl utywala;
• polyethylene;
• ezinepolypropylene.

ezenziwe hetero

Le ngelaphu owenziwe imicu zokwenziwa, isakhiwo molecule apho, ngaphandle athom carbon ziquka ezinye izinto: ioksijini, initrogen, fluorine, chlorine, nesalfure. Ezi inclusions ukunika izinto lokuqala iipropati ezongezelelweyo.

Iintlobo amaqela hetero zase zokwenziwa:

• ipholiyesta;
• polyamide;
• lyu.

NgeLayikhra: amalaphu lyu zokwenziwa

Amagama kusetyenziswa iinkampani zorhwebo: spandex, elycra, spandex, neolan, dorlastan. Lyu vulu ekwaziyo deformation ngomatshini ingathityazwa (ezifana zerabha). Elastane ekwaziyo Wasolula izihlandlo 6-7, babuyele isimo sokuqala free. It has a uzinzo thermal ephantsi: ukwandisa lobushushu ukuya +120 ° C ifayibha ulahlekelwa luthambe.

Ezi zixhobo lyu azisetyenziselwa zikarhulumente olunyulu - ukuba zisetyenziswa navivaya isidumbu nezinye ngefayibha. A izinto equlethe imicu zokwenziwa, abe luthambe, wazolula kakuhle, ilastiki, ukumelana lingonakali, umoya omhle permeability. Izinto kongezwe yethishyu zixhobo lyu hayi ndezela nokulondoloza imilo yokuqala, ukumelana ekukhanyeni, ukugcina umbala yabo yokuqala. Eli laphu akukho kuyacetyiswa kakhulu ukuba aliqhawule, twist, ezomisiweyo kwifomu nangengalo.

Capron: polyamide zokwenziwa

Igama umbandela ngenxa kwiqela amide, inxalenye eli laphu. Nylon kunye nylon - abameli ezaziwayo-kakuhle kweli qela. Iimpawu eziphambili zibandakanya: amandla banda, kakuhle zibamba imo, akuthethi ibole, kulula. Ngelo xesha, nenayiloni indawo neyesilika, ezisetyenziselwa nokuveliswa Sib.

E zokwenziwa polyamide ifayibha band ukumelana ephantsi kwamaqondo eziphakamileyo (zokunyibilikiswa uqala +215 ° C), ukuba tyheli ekukhanyeni yaye phantsi kwempembelelo umbilo. Kule ncwadi awunako ukufunxa ukufuma kwaye wome ngokukhawuleza ukufumba umbane static nokubi igcina ubushushu. Ukusuka liveze iithayithi kunye leggings. Ukubunjwa nenayiloni kunye nenayiloni amalaphu ziqhutywa mali ka-10-15%, nto leyo eyandisa amandla izinto zendalo ngaphandle kwenzakalise iipropati zabo zisempilweni. Of izinto ezinjalo ukuvelisa iikawusi kunye knitwear.

Amanye amagama orhwebo zokwenziwa izinto polyamide Group: anide, Perlon, Meryl, Taslan, Jordan kunye helanka.

Velsoft - Ilaphu engqindilili oleleyo, kuphazanyiswa Mahra. Kulo bethunga baby iimpahla, iingubo kunye zokulala, izinto ekhaya (iitawuli nezinto neengubo). Le nto enqwenelekayo ukuchukumisa, umoya olungileyo permeability ayenziwanga ukushwabana, akayeki, ayithethi kubuna. It iyamelana ukuhlanjwa, wome ngokukhawuleza. umfanekiso ezishicilelweyo alutshitshi ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ipholiyesta: Imicu ipholiyesta

ipholiyesta Synthetic iye okubuyela kwimo ephezulu, anxibe ukuxhathisa, akunamsebenzi ahlale ukusuka inyama hayi kwidayrektri baze kakuhle ugcine imilo zabo. Inzuzo ephambili xa kuthelekiswa nabanye iqela zase eyenziweyo - ukuqina ubushushu (ukumelana phezu +170 ° C). Material nzima, ngaba awunako ukufunxa ukufuma, akuthethi ukuqokelela uthuli, musa kubuna elangeni. Ngendlela esulungekileyo lisetyenziswa ukuvelisa siyabamfamekisa kunye amalengalenga. Xa umxube kunye kwimicu zendalo esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa wesinxibo yesinxibo amalaphu aqhelekileyo kunye nezinto kunye idyasi uboya ngumntu. Ipholiyesta ifayibha inikeza ukuxhathisa lingonakali kunye anda kunye nemisonto zendalo kunokubangela yococeko, apho akukho amalaphu zokwenziwa. Amagama amalaphu izinto ipholiyesta: ipholiyesta, ipholiyesta, Terylene, Trevira, tergalii, diol, Dacron.

Eboyeni - Synthetic soft ipholiyesta ngelaphu elijongeka uboya. Clothing boboya soft, ukukhanya, efudumeleyo, nomoya, ilastiki. Oyifundayo ihlambeke lula, ayomise ngokukhawuleza kwaye akadingi ayina. Eboyeni akubangeli ngumzimba, ngoko lisetyenziswa ukuba ukwenziwa iimpahla zabantwana. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo izicwili yolula yaye ulahlekelwa nemilo yayo.

Polisatin eyenziwe ipholiyesta ngendlela esulungekileyo okanye zidityaniswe kunye yomqhaphu. Amanqaku elingqingqwa, anencasa shiny kancinane. Wome ngokukhawuleza, ningahlali ntoni phantsi, musa ukunxiba, musa elaphalalayo. Isetyenziswa lokuvelisa ngelinen ebhedini, iimveliso zasekhaya (amalengalenga, amalaphu, entofontofo yefanitshala), banxibe ekhaya, neckties okanye ngezikafu. zokulala namhlanje zithandwa kakhulu 3D-umzobo owenziwe polisatina.

Acrylic: materials polyacrylonitrile

Kuba iipropati mechanical efana Imicu uboya, acrylic ngoko ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba "njengoboya yokwenziwa". Wokwenziwa iyamelana kwelanga, kuba ubushushu ezingatshiyo, kakuhle zibamba imo. Ngaba awunako ukufunxa ukufuma, nzima, umbane, oko Unxiba.

Isetyenziswa ezidityaniswe laphu zewulu nemveliso ifenitshala, oomatrasi baby, iimpahla zokuthunga nezokwenza uboya ngumntu. Acrylic aluyiyo iingqalutye, nto leyo eyenza kube sokwandiswa kubalulekile vulu zewulu ukunitha. Izinto evela vulu ukuzolula ngaphantsi zidityanisiwe, eqinile ngakumbi ezilula.

amagama Urhwebo ngezinto polyacrylonitrile: acrylic, nitrone kashmilon, Dralon, Dolan, Orlon.

Spectrum kunye daynema: imicu polyolefin

Kweli qela, zizakubalulwa uYesti polyethylene kunye ezinepolypropylene. Elula kunenye zonke iintlobo ezenziwe, izinto polyolefin musa kurhaxwa emanzini, abe hygroscopicity eliphantsi kunye neempawu ezintle yokugquma thermal, iifayibha zobude phantse zero. Yiba uzinzo kubushushu obuphantsi - up to +115 ° C. Zisetyenziswa xa ekudaleni izinto kabini-umaleko, ukuthunga ezemidlalo kunye neempahla zokuloba, filter kunye entofontofo, iiseyile, iikhaphethi. Lihambisana kwimicu zendalo - ekuveliseni yangaphantsi kunye hosiery.

Trade Names: spectrum daynema, tekmilon, gerkulon, ulstren, wafumana meraklon.

amalaphu Polyvinylchloride zokwenziwa

Le nto linamandla kakhulu kwizinto iikhemikhali ndlongo, conductivity libya zombane kunye nokungazinzi kwiqondo lobushushu (wamginya kwi-100 ° C). Emva kokuba unyango ubushushu uncipha.

Ngendlela ecocekileyo ngayo yenziwe iimpahla zokuzikhusela. Ngoncedo lwe lilaphu ashinyeneyo zokwenziwa - lesikhumba ngumntu, nawo uboya fake kunye iikhaphethi.

Amagama Trade: teviron, chlorine, Vignon.

Polyvinyl ifayibha alcohol

Eli qela libandakanya vinol, mtilan, vinylon, kuralon, Vinalon. Baye bonke iingenelo ezenziwe: elide, anxibe-resistant, ukumelana ukukhanya nobushushu neziphumo. Ngokutsho extensibility kunye luthambe ukulinganisela. A isici esasenza - ezi izifunxi, iimveliso yeli qela amalaphu eyenziweyo abe hygroscopicity eliphezulu, efana iimpawu nemiba yeemveliso zomqhaphu. Phantsi impembelelo vinol amanzi elide kwaye unciphe kancinane, amandla ayo kunciphisa. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye imicu imichiza, lingaphantsi ukumelana ukuhlasela imichiza.

Vinol isetyenziswa ukwenza iimpahla, yangaphantsi, kunye yomqhaphu kunye viscose - kuba ukwenziwa hosiery. Le nto ke buyacutheka, akukho wazisula, ukuba sele isilungiseleli seglosi entle. Ukungabikho iimveliso ezivela vinola - bakhawuleza baba onakaliswe.

Mtilan kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa sutures yotyando.

Indibaniso kwimicu ezahlukeneyo inika iimpawu zeteknoloji umdla. A Umzekelo okumangalisayo - zaziwa ngokubanzi namhlanje microfiber. Yenziwe le indibanisela kwimicu nenayiloni kunye ipholiyesta. Microfiber ayenziwanga ukutshona, musa ishedi, unalo impahla eliphezulu hygroscopic, oko yome ngokukhawuleza. It isetyenziswe ukuvelisa amalaphu ezinithiweyo, ephothiweyo non-ephothiweyo ilaphu. Kuxhomekeka Ebubanzini kunye nefayibha kuhlenga asitshintshe ukuthamba ukuqina imveliso yokugqibela. Microfiber singaxubeki nezinye zomzimba, unyango yemveliso ilula kakhulu - abangoyikiyo efunyanwa ngokuhlamba, ukucoca kunye neziphumo obushushu. Ekubeni pores ezininzi kangaka umoya, eli laphu inceda ukugcina ubushushu bomzimba kangangoko, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ikhusela ngokugqibeleleyo umoya. Microfiber yenziwa nezemidlalo kunye nempahla yangaphandle, umqhaphu ekhaya, iitawuli nezinto iziponji nokucoca.

Njengoko ubona, imicu iikhemikhali kuhlelwe ezisetyenziswa kakhulu imveliso yempahla zoshishino ukukhanya. Benza ezemidlalo kunye nempahla, amalaphu aqhelekileyo zefenitsha kunye umhombiso ngaphakathi kwizakhiwo, lonke uluhlu iimpahla nje, ukusuka yangaphantsi ukuya izinto eziya zangaphantsi noboya faux. amalaphu Modern ilifa kwiqela lokulungileyo ukuba azizi kufunyanwa ngamalungu zabo, ukuba babe hygroscopic, "uphefumla" nokugcina kakuhle nobushushu. Ukudityaniswa imicu ezahlukeneyo ngomsonto enye, kwakunye nokudalwa amalaphu multi-umaleko kuvumela abavelisi ukuba ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zeli hlabathi lanamhlanje.