Imbali le ncwadi, amanyathelo okuqala kushicilelo

Enye izinto ezibalulekileyo abantu, ngokukuvumela ukugcina nokwandisa ubulumko bakhe, yaba le ncwadi. Yaba isithsaba engundoqo zokubhala, embindini kunye nesimboli kolwazi. Kodwa njani le ncwadi? Yintoni imbali iincwadi? Njani na itshintshe kule nkulungwane ngaphambili?

umthombo oyinhloko

Imbali ukuvela nophuhliso lokubhala kuhlangene ne kwimbali ukuvela iincwadi. Ekuqaleni, kwiimbali zomlomo kunye imizobo iliwa aba indlela engundoqo yokosulela. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, abantu ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi ndiqalile uzakhe inkqubo yalo imiqondiso ekuchazeni amagama. Ukusuka kule ndawo kukho imbali yokubhala.

Xa abantu zibona ngokubhala, ngoko nangoko baqalisa ukusebenzisa ukubhala nantoni ngcono. Kule khosi kwakukho ilitye kunye nentsimbi, amaxolo, amacwecwe odongwe kunye nangaphezulu. Inyathelo elikhulu phambili yaba wayila yeengcongolo ngamaYiputa. Ngaphambi kokufika kwephepha izikhumba kunye nale nto kakhulu kusetyenziselwa ukurekhoda.

kwase le ncwadi

Ngokubanzi, njo imisongo ngqangi ingachazwa uhlobo lweencwadi. Isixeko yaseFenike Byblos, leyo ompapiri iziko ngaphandle kwi izibonda Hellenic, wamnika igama lesiGrike le ncwadi - Byblos. Ivela eli lizwi uza kuthi yonke ingqikelelo aziqhelileyo kwithala leencwadi.

E Greece yaye kamva eRoma, ithala leencwadi uye waba yinxalenye yobomi kunye nempucuko. lombhali okhawulezayo ushicilelo kupapashwa iincwadi ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo izihloko. Ngaloo mihla le ncwadi wakhangela njengemiqulu isilonda elithini okhethekileyo, nto leyo aye anquma iphela.

Imbali kwendalo wencwadi yokuqala kule fomati akwaziwa ukuba ezithile. Kodwa siyazi ukubaluleka iincwadi ezinjalo zehlabathi lamandulo.

uhlobo entsha

Malunga in I BC kubonakala ngqangi yokuqala, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, baqalise ukuthandwa iba nkulu ngokuba nkulu. Oku kwenzeke ubukhulu becala ngenxa lula kunye nokusebenziseka. Ngapha koko, kwabakho ukukwazi ukubhala kumacala omabini sheet. I-ngqangi, kunye ubukhulu ayo, kakuhle kakhulu.

Yeyona ukuqatshelwa nozuko ngamaKrestu ehlabathini, ingakumbi ekuqaleni yokusetyenziswa esebenzayo izikhumba, leyo lenkosikazi yiPapyrus.

History of the iincwadi eYurophu kumaXesha Aphakathi, kuhlangene ne abefundisi, njengoko kwilifa kakhulu ngokubanzi funda nokuba azilawule kwiindawo ezininzi ukwenza incwadi.

China wasungula iphepha, apho kamva asasazwe kuzo yaseIndiya kwihlabathi Arab, yaye apho eYurophu. Ngoko ngokuthe ngcembe le ncwadi ngokupheleleyo ukutshintsha umfanekiso yakho, ukuqala ukuba ziyafana ifomati eziqhelekileyo.

Book endulo

Ekuqaleni eRashiya ebhalwe ezinde amaxolo, kodwa apha kuza ixesha kunye nezinye iintlobo zosasazo, kuquka iphepha esikhumbeni. Imbali yencwadi eRashiya waba zigaba eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Imbonakalo ezinde-amaxolo, leyo kuqwalaselwa isanda, zincediswa kwinkulungwane IX, ubuncinane isiganeko esikhulu - nokudalwa oonobumba Cyrillic. Ukulandela le ncwadi yokuqala wesandla ivela kwinkulungwane XI.

Ngokutsho kwezinye mbali, incwadi yokuqala eRashiya labhalwa ngaphambili, mhlawumbi kwi X kwinkulungwane.

kwemvelo

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, belingana kunye ngesandla kwenzeka kunye uhlobo ezahlukeneyo iincwadi - eprintiweyo. Imbali ncwadi ishicilelwe iqala China yamandulo. Apho, liyayishicilela kuqala laphu wadala ukususela kwinkulungwane VI (ngokwe kweminye imithombo - ukususela ngenkulungwane IX), nangona ukuprintwa single-sifuba yavela e China ngenkulungwane III. Umzekelo, eYiputa kuyo analogu kwabonakala kwinkulungwane V.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, intwana-yokushicilela kwabatyhutyha kumazwe Arab basempumalanga, yaye ngenkulungwane XIV, weza eYurophu. Ngoko ke, ukuqala ukushicilela ushicilelo zonqulo, iingxelo zembali kunye maxesha, imimiselo bokumkani, kwaye nkqu okudlala.

Ngowe-1445 (umhla loqikelelo) Johannes Gutenberg kudala ushicilelo, ukwenza impumelelo kungekudala eziliqela kwiindawo, ukususela kuyilo befonti kunye nesiphelo kunye nokusekwa kwe cinezela zalo zokushicilela.

yoshicilelo incwadi German waqalisa ukusasaza lonke elaseYurophu. Zonke iincwadi, wadala phambi kokuphela kuka 1500, wafumana igama "incunabula", Oko kukuthi "ezalwa". Ekuqaleni, iincwadi eziprintiweyo kuhlala eziliqela iimpawu ngesandla, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha ngakumbi nangakumbi kude kubo.

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zilandelayo oomatshini nakubuchule ukuphuculwa kakhulu, kwaye le ncwadi ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuba efana uhlelo mihla. iphepha luyafumaneka ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, ukudalwa oomatshini bokushicilela umphunga, yaye kamva kuqaliswe iLinotype kunye yoLawulo loDibaniso oomatshini bokushicilela ukuba ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa isantya nomthamo bokushicilela, ukwenza le ncwadi ifikeleleke ngakumbi.

Kunye buthathaka ukuhluza iindaba kunye nemiyalelo nokwandiswa imisebenzi yokubhala, le ncwadi yaba ifumaneke kuluntu kunye mthombo emangalisayo ebalulekileyo yolwazi umhlobo wenene indoda namhlanje.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, le ncwadi ishicilelwe iyaqhubeka niqingqe yayo, nangona ukuvela kwe-e-books ebhekiswe inyathelo elilandelayo izinto zazivelela yayo. Imbali yale ncwadi a stub.