Ihlabathi Arab mihla. Imbali yehlabathi Arab

Yintoni Arabhu, yaye benze njani? Kweli nqaku, siza kujolisa ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko kunye nenzululwazi, imbali kunye neempawu ze-Outlook. Njengokuba kwakunjalo ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo, yaye kubonakala ngathi eli hlabathi Arab mihla? Yiyiphi imeko mihla zibhekisela kulo namhlanje?

Kakuhle eli ingqiqo ka "ihlabathi Arab"

Phantsi le ngcamango ithetha ummandla ethile geographical, eyenziwa amazwe ezisemantla nasempuma Afrika, kuMbindi Mpuma, abemi Arab (iqela sezizwe). Kwimeko nganye kuzo Arabic lulwimi olusemthethweni (okanye elinye igosa njengoko e Somalia).

Le ndawo iyonke Arabhu imalunga 13 million km ^2, nto leyo iyunithi yesibini ngobukhulu intsimi geolingvisticheskoy ehlabathini (emva Russia).

I-Arabhu ke mazingabhidaniswa elithi "ihlabathi Muslim" lisetyenziswa kuphela kwimeko yonqulo, kwakunye ne umbutho ngamazwe ebizwa "The League of Arab States", wadala ngo-1945.

Geography of the Arabhu

Yiyiphi imeko umhlaba yagqiba ukubandakanya kwihlabathi Arab? Photo, ngeposi ngezantsi, inika isishwankathelo yindawo elikuyo kunye nesakhiwo.

Ngoko ke, kwihlabathi Arab ama-23 ithi. Ezimbini kuzo ngokuyinxenye ezaziwayo yi uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe (kuluhlu olungezantsi kokuba abaphawulwe asterisks). Kwezi uthi, ilikhaya kubantu abamalunga ne-345 million, olubalelwa kuba ngaphantsi kwe-5% yabantu kwihlabathi lilonke.

Onke amazwe Arab yehlabathi zidweliswe ngezantsi kwehle inani nabemi bazo. Zezi:

1. Egypt.
2. Morocco.
3. Algeria.
4. Sudan.
5. Saudi Arabia.
6. Iraq.
7. Yemen.
8. Aram.
9. Tunisia.
10. Somalia.
11. Jordan.
12. Libya.
13. UAE.
14. Lebanon.
15. * EPalestina.
16. Mauritania.
17. Oman.
18. Kuwait.
19. Qatar.
20. Comoros.
21. Bahrain.
22. Djibouti.
23. Western Sahara *.

Esi sixeko sikhulu kweli hlabathi Arab - yi Cairo, eDamasko, Baghdad, iMecca, Rabat, Algiers, Riyadh, Khartoum, Alexandria.

Isincoko kwimbali yamandulo zehlabathi Arab

Imbali yehlabathi Arabhu baqalisa kudala ngaphambi ngokuvela Islam. Ngaloo maxesha amandulo, iintlanga ukuba namhlanje lukwa yinxalenye yeli hlabathi, yathetha ngakumbi ngeelwimi zabo (nangona enxulumene Arab). Inkcazelo ebhaliweyo ukuba siye koluphi na imbali yehlabathi Arab kumaxesha amandulo, esinokuzifunda kwimithombo lamaByzantine okanye yamaRoma. Kakade ke, lo ngombono bemilo ixesha na kakhulu zonakaliswa.

ihlabathi lamandulo Arab ibonwa kumazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu (Iran, waseRoma yaye baseByzantium uBukhosi) amahlwempu kunye nezo zasendle. Ngokwembono yabo, kwaba yinkangala kunye labantu abancinane yaye ephila. Enyanisweni, lo abasemathanga kwakukho iqaqobana enkulu, kwaye uninzi Arabhu kwakhokelela indlela yokuphila, elusa kwizihlambo nakwimifula lwemilambo ezincinane kohlaza. Emva kokuba ukufuywa kurhwebo ikharavani inkamela baqala ukuphuhlisa apha, nto leyo abantu abaninzi ehlabathini baye baba ngomgangatho (template) indlela kwihlabathi Arabhu.

Iziqalelo zokuqala karhulumente zavela emantla Arabia. Eku sunguleni, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, wazalwa imeko yamandulo Yemen, kumazantsi eli lizwe. Noko ke, abafowunelwa kunye nezinye ithi imfundo ncinci ngenxa yobukho entlango kweekhilomitha amawaka aliqela.

Arabhu-Muslim kunye nembali yayo uchazwa kakuhle incwadi nguGustave Le Bon "Imbali Arab Ukukhanya". It yapapashwa ngowe-1884, oko yaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezininzi, kuquka i-Russian. Le ncwadi isekelwe umbhali ezimeleyo babehamba kuMbindi Mpuma kunye naseMntla Afrika.

Ihlabathi Arab kumaXesha Aphakathi

Ngowe-VI Ngenkulungwane-Arabhu ziye accounted for uninzi abemi Arabia. Kungekudala kuvela unqulo yamaSilamsi, ngoko ukudliwa Arab ekuqaleni. Kwinkulungwane VII uqalisa ukwakha urhulumente omtsha - Arab Caliphate, nto leyo esizigubungeleyo phezu babeziindleko ezinkulu oweeneem Indian kwi-Atlantic, ukususela yeSahara ukuya kuLwandle lweCaspian.

nezizwe ezininzi kunye nabantu kumantla Afrika ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ingxenye inkcubeko Arab, ngokulula ukwamkela ulwimi nenkolo yabo. Ngenxa yoko, i-Arabhu ziye wendele ezinye iimpawu amasiko nezithethe zabo.

Ukuba era eYurophu aphakathi yabalasela ukwehla lenzululwazi, nto ayenziwa ngeli xesha kwihlabathi Arabhu. It oluchaphazelekayo iseti emasebeni awo. Uphuhliso aphezulu kwihlabathi medieval Arab zafikelela algebra, ngezengqondo, ngeenkwenkwezi, imichiza, ngendawo yokuhlala namayeza.

Arab Caliphate yathatha ixesha elide kakhulu. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi iqala inkqubo eqhekekileyo feudal amagunya enkulu. Ekugqibeleni, kanye Arab Caliphate enye iyangena kumazwe amaninzi ngamanye phezulu. Uninzi lwazo ngenkulungwane XVI, yaba yinxalenye kobunye ubukhosi - Ottoman. Kwinkulungwane XIX amazwe Arab baba nwe kumazwe aseYurophu - Britain, eFransi, eSpeyin kunye Italy. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zonke kwakhona babe amazwe elizimeleyo geqe.

Iimpawu nenkcubeko kwihlabathi Arab

inkcubeko Arab ayikho ngaphandle inkolo yamaSilamsi, nto leyo eye yaba yinxalenye yayo ephambili. Ngoko ke, ukholo kuThixo, ukunqulwa uMprofeti uMuhammad, ukudla kunye nemithandazo yonke imihla, yaye xa kusiyiwa eMecca (kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo engundoqo wonke Muslim) engagungqiyo ezi "iintsika 'eziphambili ubomi yonqulo bonke abemi belimiweyo Arabhu. Yezobuchwepheshe, ngasendleleni, iye indawo engcwele ngenxa Arabhu nakumaxesha pre-Islamic.

Islam, ngokutsho kwabaphengululi, ubukhulu becala efanayo kobuProtestanti. Ngokukodwa, yena nje ayisigwebi ubutyebi kunye nomsebenzi yorhwebo yomntu ivavanywa ukusuka kwindawo imbono yokuziphatha.

KumaXesha Aphakathi kwaba ulwimi Arabic yabhalwa kakhulu iincwadi ngembali .. Annals, yemicimbi yemihla, izichazi kokuphila, njl sinexhala enkulu kwinkcubeko Muslim ngayo (kwaye) amagama kumfanekiso. I-script kuthiwa-Arabic - ayikho nje ngesandla calligraphic. Ubuhle iincwadi ezibhalwe yi-Arabhu Ndikulinganise ubuhle ifanelekileyo emzimbeni womntu.

Akukho amasiko umdla kangako yaye kuyaphawuleka izakhiwo Arabhu. Uhlobo ezaziwa zamaSilamsi Muslim tempile kwasekwa VII leminyaka. It is a closed (buthuntu) kweyadi imilo buxande, ngaphakathi apho kwakukho igalari ye nakwiingqameko eqhotyoshelweyo. Kwinxalenye eyadini, ekhangelene ukuya iMecca, wakha iziyolo ihonjiswe kunye iholo banzi umthandazo, akathweswa sithsaba lwale phezulu ukulenza. Ngaphezu etempileni, njengokuba umthetho, umi iinqaba omnye okanye yondele kakhulu (zamaRoma), leyo eyenzelwe ukuba kubiza amaSilamsi umthandazo.

Phakathi zodumo bokwakha Arabic ingabizwa Umayyad Mosque e waseSiriya eDamasko (VIII c) kunye Ibn iToulon Mosque, Cairo, iYiputa, izinto zokwakha ezi ngesisa zinokuhonjiswa umzekelo omhle zeentyantyambo.

Kwiitempile Muslim akukho icon ihonjiswe okanye nayiphi na imifanekiso, imifanekiso. Kodwa ke iindonga kunye neengqameko mosque ahonjiswe arabesques ezintle. Lo ngumzekelo yemveli Arab iiphatheni zejometri kunye izivatho yezityalo (kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuboniswa ubugcisa izilwanyana kunye nabantu uthathwa onyeliso kwinkcubeko Muslim). Arabesque, ngokutsho nezifundo zenkcubeko eYurophu, "ukoyika yokulungelelanisa yakwalubala." Zingasebenza ngokupheleleyo komhlaba kunye nokuvala ubukho nasiphi yangasemva umbala.

Ifilosofi Literature

ifilosofi Arab ngokusondeleyo kakhulu enxibelelene unqulo Islamic. Enye bulumko idumileyo Muslim-sobulumko nogqirha Ibn Sina (980 - 1037). Yena kucingwa umbhali kungekho ngaphantsi kwe 450 iincwadi amayeza, intanda, logic, izibalo, kunye nezinye iinkalo zolwazi.

Umsebenzi idumileyo, Ibn Sina (uAvicenna) - "The Canon of Medicine". Le mibhalo kule ncwadi ziye zasetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi kwiiyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo eYurophu. Omnye umsebenzi wakhe, "The Book of UkuPhilisa", kwaye kakhulu nempembelelo uphuhliso bulumko Arabhu.

Le lesikhumbuzo idumileyo zoncwadi yehlabathi ephakathi Arab - ingqokelela amabali kunye namabali "A neShumi Enye Nights." Kule ncwadi, abaphengululi bafumana izinto imixholo pre-Islamic Persian namaNdiya. Kangangeenkulungwane, ukwakhiwa kwale ngqokelela iguqulwe kancincane, uhlobo yayo yokugqibela iye zifumaneka kuphela kwinkulungwane XIV.

Uphuhliso nenzululwazi kweli hlabathi Arab mihla

In bamaXesha Aphakathi ihlabathi Arabhu wabamba indawo eziphambili ehlabathini kwinkalo kwempumelelo yenzululwazi kunye ezifunyaniswe. Yaba abaphengululi Muslim "thaca" algebra ehlabathini, wenza uvale elikhulu kuphuhliso eziphilayo, amayeza, nesayensi yemvelo.

Namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, amazwe Arab anikela ingqalelo encinane kakhulu kwinzululwazi kwakunye nemfundo. Namhlanje, kula mazwe kukho kancinane ngaphezu kwewaka iiyunivesithi, yaye izazinzulu 312 kuphela kwabo basebenzela abo ukupapasha amanqaku zabo kwiijenali zenzululwazi. Xa kwimbali amaSilamsi ezimbini kuphela bawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel kwinzululwazi.

Yintoni na isizathu sokuba le umahluko phakathi "Emva koko" kunye "ngoku"?

impendulo eyodwa lo mbuzo akukho mbali. Inkoliso yabo echaza ukwehla inzululwazi ukuqhekeka feudal amandla kanye United Arab (i Caliphate), kwakunye ukuvela kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo yamaSilamsi, nto leyo ukuphikisana ngakumbi nongquzulwano. Esinye isizathu isenokuba ukuba Arabhu akuthandeki njengoko bayazi imbali yabo kwaye neqhayiya impumelelo enkulu wooyise.

Iimfazwe ubunqolobi kwihlabathi Arab mihla

Kutheni Arabhu lwa? Islamists bona bathi ngale ndlela uzama ukubuyisela amandla alo kwihlabathi Arab kunye ukuze bafumane inkululeko evela kumazwe aseNtshona.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le ncwadi engundoqo iMuslim engcwele iKoran ayiphikisani ithuba ekuthatheni kumazwe asemzini kunye namazwe ndawo yorhafiso irhafu (njengoko kungqinwa sura wesibhozo "imigodi"). Ukongeza, ngoncedo kwezixhobo bekusoloko ukusasaza inkolo yabo lula kakhulu.

Arabhu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo uyaziwa njenge amadoda ngenkalipho kunokuba nzima. Baye ke bengasenabuganga ukulwa mhlawumbi namaPersi okanye amaRoma. Kwaye ke intlango bomxukuxela kakhulu kuye kwatsala ingqalelo emphaya ezinkulu. Noko ke, amajoni Arab yavuma ukuba bakhonze umkhosi wamaRoma.

Emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye ngokuwa Ottoman, lo impucuko Arab-Muslim waziphosa nentlekele nzulu, apho mbali kuthelekiswa ne-War kwinkulungwane XVII Yeminyaka Engamashumi eYurophu. Kucacile ukuba nayiphi na ingxaki enjalo, kungekudala iphela radicalization chaphaza eyenza esebenzayo ukuvuselela, buyisela i "Golden Age" kwimbali yawo. ngoku Ezi nkqubo efanayo ezenzeka ehlabathini Arabhu. Umzekelo, e-Afrika, umbutho abagrogrisi ezibonakalayo "Boko Haram" eSiriya Iraq - LIH. Imisebenzi ngxwaba imfundo yokugqibela sele ihamba kakuhle ngaphaya amazwe Muslim.

ihlabathi Modern Arab uyadinwa iimfazwe, ungquzulwano kunye zingenzi ngozi. Kodwa ukuba ukucima indlela 'umlilo ", ngelixa bani owaziyo.

Saudi Arabia

Intliziyo Arabhu-Muslim namhlanje, ukuba udla ngokubizwa ngokuba Saudi Arabia. Nazi engcwele ezingundoqo Islam - ngaseMecca Medina. Eyona engundoqo (kwaye, eneneni, kuphela) unqulo kule meko - Islam. Abameli ukholo ohlukeneyo bavunyelwe ukuba bangene Saudi Arabia, kodwa eMecca okanye Medina abanako, angaphosi. Kwakhona "uhambo" Akuvunyelwe ngokungqongqo kweli lizwe ukuze ubonise naziphi iisimboli ezinye iinkonzo (umzekelo, ukuba banxibe iminqamlezo, njalo njalo. N.).

E Saudi Arabia, kukho nkqu okhethekileyo amapolisa "yonqulo", ogama Injongo kukuba ukuthintela ukunyhashwa imithetho Islam kunokwenzeka. izaphuli zenkolo elinde isohlwayo esifanelekileyo - ukusukela izohlwayo ekufeni.

Nangona ngasentla, le oonozakuzaku of Saudi Arabia esebenzayo kwibakala lehlabathi ngokomdla yokukhusela Islam, waba ngokubambisana ne-West. Ulwalamano unexhala kurhulumente zidibanisa Iran, nayo leyo ibeka ibango ukhokelo kule ngingqi.

WaseSiriya Arab Republic

Aram - kwelinye iziko ebalulekileyo yehlabathi Arabhu. Ngaxa lithile (ngaphantsi Umayyads) kuwo umzi ka IDamasko yayilikomkhulu Arab Caliphate. Namhlanje, imfazwe yamakhaya anegazi (ukususela ngo-2011) kweli lizwe iyaqhubeka. imibutho Western amalungelo oluntu rhoqo wagxeka Aram, uzibize yobunkokheli ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu, ukungcungcuthekiswa kunye isithintelo elininzi yenkululeko yokuthetha.

Malunga ne-85% yabemi Syria ngamaSilamsi. Noko ke, "inakovertsy" Besisoloko sizixelela ngokukhululeka apha kwaye pretty bekhululekile. Imithetho ye-Koran kweli lizwe ziqo- nakubemi bayo, kunokuba ngathi isiko.

Arab Republic of Egypt

I (by labemi) lizwe likhulu ehlabathini Arab yi eYiputa. 98% yabantu - abantu Arabhu, 90% amaSilamsi (flow Cartoon). E Egypt, kukho inani elikhulu kumangcwaba yabangcwele Muslim Owathi ngemihla bemithendeleko zonqulo kutsala amawaka zabanquli.

Islam eYiputa namhlanje inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuluntu. Nangona kunjalo, imithetho Muslim bekhululekile kwaye siyilwe kwizinto zenene zenkulungwane xxi kakhulu. Kunika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba uninzi ideologists le ebizwa ngokuba "Islam" ziye abafundileyo nje University Cairo.

Ekuphetheni ...

Phantsi Arabhu kuthetha ummandla okhethekileyo nembali kalukhuni, uquka umArabhi Peninsula kunye naseMntla Afrika. isakhiwo yayo ibandakanya 23 karhulumente ngokunjalo mihla.

Inkcubeko yehlabathi Arab into ethile kakhulu linxibelelene kakhulu izithethe kunye izimiso Islam. izinto zale mihla kummandla - a endala, uphuhliso okulambathayo kwezenzululwazi kunye nemfundo, ukunwenwa izimvo ezinkulu nobunqolobi.