Imisebe njengobungqina lobume entsonkothileyo-athom. Imbali ukufunyanwa, amalinge, iintlobo ubuthi

Emva kokuba umthetho periodic uvulekile ixesha elide eenzululwazi wahlala umbuzo bengasiqondi ngokupheleleyo. Kutheni iimpawu imichiza buxhomekeke ubunzima atomic? Abaphandi ayikwazanga ukuqonda izizathu zoko frequency kakhulu. Kwakufuneka ukujongana imithetho yemvelo engunobangela nkqubo ngamaxesha athile.

I-iziqhamo zezandla zabantu, okanye kwizimanga zendalo?

phenomenon radiation ngokoqobo njalo. Abantu ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni kwembali yayo wahlala phakathi ekuthiwa ifildi radioactive zendalo. Kodwa imisebe njengobungqina isakhiwo entsonkothileyo ye atom iyaziwa ngumkhuba kuphela kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Ukusuka isithuba ukuya ngaphantsi komhlaba ifikelela le radiation ionizing. Abantu nawo okufakwe kwabo imithombo ziqulethwe izibilini zomhlaba kunye neetyuwa. Nokuba ilungu lomzimba womntu zezo izinto ezibizwa atom. Kodwa phambi kokuba ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 yonke le nto, oosonzululwazi ndicinga kuphela.

Nalwazi malunga ubuthi

Imisebe njengobungqina lobume entsonkothileyo-athom ababe- mgodi eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, emigodini yokukhokela ngenkulungwane ye-16 e-Austria, phezu ebizwa ngokuba yi-mgodini ukugula intaba babulawa endle xa eneminyaka engama-30-40 kuphela. abafazi Local atshate ngaphezulu nakanye, njengoko izinga lokusweleka lwalulude kunolunye ukusweleka mgodini elula izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-50. Emva koko, Beyamkele ezifana babengazi umlinganiselo yemisebe. Abantu akwazi ukucinga ukuba uranium eyingozi ezinokuqulathwa ores yokukhokela. Kuphela ngo-1879, oogqirha baye bafunda ukuba "ukugula ntaba" - Phela umhlaza wemiphunga.

Ukufunyanwa ezinemitha kwiinkqubo Becquerel

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 lokwenzeka kwaso yi isifundo, nto leyo ikhokelele radioactivity njengobungqina lobume entsonkothileyo-athom kwabonakala eluntwini. Ngowe-1896, umphandi A. A. Bekkerel wafumanisa ukuba izinto uranium aqulethe kunokuba uzibone imbasa lokufota ebumnyameni. kamva Izazinzulu wafumanisa ukuba lo propati ayikho kuphela uranium. Okulandelayo Polish kwemithi Marie Sklodowska-Curie kunye nomyeni wakhe Pierre Curie wafumanisa radionuclide ezimbini ezintsha: ಪೇನ್ ipheyini kunye Radium.

Becquerel amava ngokwayo kwaba kuhle elula. Wathabatha ityuwa uranium, azisongele nabo ngelaphu emnyama-bala uze oluboniswe elangeni ukubona indlela lo amandla kweziyobisi accumulated into reemitted. Kodwa omnye Isazinzulu waphawula ukuba kwipleyiti uqalisa evutha kwanaxa iityuwa uranium zange zakwazi ukuba ilanga. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni radioactivity uyaziwa. Becquerel ebizwa reyi engaziwayo-X-reyi (efana igama X).

experiments uRutherford

imisebe elandelayo lasiwa Isazinzulu IsiNgesi Ernest Rutherford. Ngowe-1899 okuyiphatha phandle umfuniselo ukufunda senzeko. It iqulathe kule ilandelayo. Le Isazinzulu wathabatha ityuwa uranium wazibeka itankana eyenziwe lead. Ngesikrotyana umlambo imxinwa alpha amasuntswana ngesiganeko kwi kwipleyiti lokufota, ingabekwa phezulu. Ekuhloleni yokuqala, uRutherford akazange asebenzise kwipleyiti electromagnetic.

Ngoko ke, lo ipleyiti, njengoko kwi amalinge ezidlulileyo, elicacisa kwi ndawo enye. Ke Rutherford waqala odibanisa lo mhlaba otsalayo. Xa lixabiso encinane yahlulwe beam bobabini. Xa lo mhlaba otsalayo inyuswe ngakumbi, kukho ibala elimnyama kwirekhodi. Ngaloo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo radioactivity esafunyanwa: alpha, beta kunye radiation gamma.

Izigqibo zophononongo bamlandela

Emveni kwazo zonke ezi zinto, kwaye waye waduma njengobungqina nesakhiwo radioactivity entsonkothileyo-athom. Eneneni, kwabonakala ukuba iinkqubo ngaphakathi ngumongo atom kukhokelela radiation ezinjalo. Kufanelekile ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba ukususela ngexesha Greece yamandulo, i-atom yayigqalwa isuntswana ayahlukahlukenanga zalo kwindalo iphela. Igama elithi "atom" lithetha "ayahlukahlukenanga". Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu zophando ziye bafunda ngabantu radiation ezizenzekelayo umoya, kwakunye amasuntswana amatsha atomic - linyathelo elinzulu phambili wenza physics. Imisebe, leyo yavulwa izikhanyiso inzululwazi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane entsha, wabonisa ukuba atom loyiswa uwahlule ube zahlulo.

isakhiwo se-atom

izifundo wokulinga, kwaqinisekiswa ukuba atom unalo isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo. Siqulathe nucleus kunye electron kakubi ityala. Ngowe-1932, abaphandi Russian Ivanenko kunye Gapon E., kunye nokuba ngumzekelo kwabo isakhiwo atom yaphakanyiswa yi yamachiza waseJamani Heisenberg ekuthiwa Proton-neutron. Ngokwale mbono, i-atom iqulathe amasuntswana, wabiza protons kunye neutron. Ayavumelana iqela eziqhelekileyo nucleons.

Phantse yonke ubunzima atom kukuba yaseburhulumenteni. Protons, neutron kunye elektroni benza udidi ngamasuntswana nezakhiwo. Ngenxa yokuba izifundo zovavanyo, kufunyaniswe ukuba inani lothotho inani iyeza kwinkqubo ngamaxesha lweziqalelo lilingane isigxina yaseburhulumenteni.

Iimpawu atom

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na radioactivity nendlela esinceda ngayo isakhiwo ngumongo atom, oko kuyimfuneko uyoyiswa amagama ezimbalwa ezilula. Ngokomzekelo, ngoku ekuthiwa atom, izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezinemitha. Bona ahluka iyahlozinga ukuba babe ezahlukeneyo isiqingatha-ubomi.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo Radioactive, ajike abe kwezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo, yimithombo radiation ionizing. Ezinye atom iyahluka ezahlukeneyo hexa. Bambi nokucazululwa amakhulu kunye amawaka eminyaka. Ezo atom elide-waphila ebizwa. Ngokomzekelo unako ukukhonza zonke izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo uranium. atom siphila ixesha elifutshane, kwelinye icala, zizigungxule ngokukhawuleza kakhulu: kumcimbi lemizuzwana, imizuzu okanye iinyanga.

Yintoni yemisebe?

Iyunithi radioactivity - 1 Becquerel. Ukuba kukho yesibini ukubola enye, oko kuthiwa umsebenzi a Isotope oluthile enye Becquerel. Umsebenzi - oku ixabiso evumela ukuba ukuqikelela ekuweni ngamandla arithmetic. Ngaphambili, izazinzulu wasebenzisa enye ngeyunithi radioactivity - Curie. Umlinganiselo phakathi kwabo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 1 Key akhawunti billion 37 Bq.

Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwahlula phakathi umsebenzi izixa ezahlukeneyo wenkqu, umzekelo 1 kg, kunye 1 mg. Umsebenzi we-mali ethile le kweziyobisi inzululwazi ekuthiwa umsebenzi ethile. Eli xabiso bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo kwisiqingatha-ubomi.

imisebe eyingozi

Imisebe njengobungqina lobume entsonkothileyo-athom yayigqalwa njengenye nesenzeko kakhulu yingozi. Funda okungakumbi ngale meko, bantu sinesizathu esivakalayo ukuba simoyike imiphumo. Abaninzi baye bacinge ukuba usongo olukhulu Mayingathwalwa radiation gamma. Kodwa ke akunjalo, ubuncinane, akukho ubomi engozini. Ukuboniswa kwezinto imisebe eziyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yamandla ayo wajula. Kakade ke, gamma, eli nani liphezulu, umzekelo, i-beta-reyi. Kodwa ingozi ayixhomekekanga kule isalathisi kunye umthamo.

Enye idosi enye ukuze uphephe abantu ubunzima bomzimba kwaye iyingozi enye. Ukuboniswa kwezinto radiation ionizing umiselwa ngokusebenzisa kwisalathiso umthamo ithathe. Kodwa oku ngokwaneleyo zovavanyo umonakalo. Ngapha koko, asingabo bonke imitha kuyingozi ngokulinganayo. Ingozi emissivity ebizwa izikali. Iyunithi radioactivity ukuba ingasetyenziswa ukuqikelela idosi radiation kunye inomlingani ukulinganiswa, ebizwa Sievert.