Impahla kaRhulumente: imizekelo. ngempahla kawonke Pure and ingxubevange

impahla karhulumente, imizekelo apho zinikwe ngezantsi kumela amaxabiso ukuba ningagqitywa bonke abemi ngokudibeneyo. Ukusebenzisa kwabo komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni labemi uyazihlawulela okanye hayi. Okulandelayo, cinga impahla ezininzi zoluntu: iintlobo kunye neempawu wala maxabiso.

Overview

Labucala kunye noluntu nempahla zinkulu linye. Njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla, lesibini bonke abemi ngokudibeneyo. I wokuqala ofumanekayo ukusetyenziswa bazuze ngqo kumnini. impahla abucala kunye noluntu emibuzo ezahlukeneyo, nokuba intengiselwano kunye nabo. Eyesibini phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba athengise. iimpahla kunye neenkonzo zoluntu zisetyenziswa ngabemi kunye ubumnandi ngokwaneleyo. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi abavumi ukuhlawula bamthande.

ngempahla kawonke Pure and ingxubevange

Kukho iimpawu ezithile, ngokungqinelana ne apho ukuhlelwa lwamaxabiso. Ngoko ke, kukho qheke kwimpahla zoluntu ecocekileyo kunye exutyiweyo. Eyokuqala abo uneempawu neisklyuchaemosti and non-selectivity. Iimpawu ezisetyenziswa ulwahlulohlulo unokuba amanqanaba ahlukeneyo ukubonakaliswa. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, iinzuzo ezimbini ingachazwa selectivity neisklyuchaemosti nemiqondiso, kodwa omnye wabo, ezi mpawu zibonakale isiXhosa okanye ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, kukho indibanisela iipropati kunye amaxabiso ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ngokungakhethi kunye neisklyuchaemost

Wokubonelela ngempahla kawonke olunyulu omnye umntu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle inxaxheba abanye abantu. Isiphumo ukubotshelelwa ehlangeneyo. Wonke umntu osebenzisa iinzuzo ezilungileyo. Kulo mzekelo, eziluncedo apho licatshulwa kwayo bonke abemi, hayi lancitshiswa. Akukho namnye bangagxothwa na inani labantu abasebenzisa ezi mpahla zoluntu. Imizekelo yalo ziquka ezi zilandelayo: wonke ummi isebenzisa inzuzo evela imozulu, ngaphandle ukunciphisa luncedo yayo wachacha ngabanye. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kumathala ukutyelela, ukuhamba phezu yemoto.

iindidi Common

Ezi ndidi zilandelayo izibonelelo:

• Ulwazi. Ezi ziquka impahla karhulumente "rhoqo". Imizekelo: TV, irediyo.
• ukusetyenziswa Limited. izibonelelo ezifana ziyafumaneka inani elithile abasebenzisi ngexesha elinye. ibhulorho indlela ngexesha iyure "incopho" awanyange.
• Local. Oku iyafumaneka kumalungu eyahlukileyo iqela loluntu okanye ummandla impahla karhulumente. Imizekelo: amathala eencwadi emimandla, iipaki kunye nezikwere.
• Ezahlukene (imiboniso olondolozo lwembali, imizobo e amaziko), ezamahala (imisebenzi amanqaku inkxaso yomthetho nocwangco), okubi (izifundo zemfundo ephakamileyo) kunye (izithuthi zikawonke) iindleko ezintle.

Ukubonelela impahla karhulumente kuyimfuneko ukutsala zabucala. Imiqulu komda lokugqibela inani iingeniso karhulumente, leyo kwakheka, ingakumbi, ngenxa kokufumana iimali ezahlukeneyo irhafu.

iintsikelelo ingxubevange

Kolu luhlu kukho iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ezininzi. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ezona mpawu iinzuzo ezingundoqo, ukuze abe omnye okanye kwenye udibaniso. Ngenxa yoko, non-selectivity zinokudityaniswa kunye excludability and vice versa. Kule nkalo, oko kubizwa ngokuba imizekelo ngakumbi nangakumbi kwempahla karhulumente. Ngaba zikho izinto eyahlukileyo neisklyuchaemosti ephantsi eliphezulu - selectivity. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba jikelele (ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokuhlangeneyo) iingenelo. Ezi ziquka isithuba simahla elunxwemeni. Ukuba ziyafumaneka kubo bonke abemi. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ukuba umntu omnye lwenzeka elunxwemeni, abayi kuba nako ukuthatha ithuba omnye umntu. Kule meko ke, wamkela iimpawu selectivity. Njengoko zilungileyo eziqhelekileyo obuxhasa yokuba nomqathango ukusetyenziswa kwazo lu dityanisiwe neendleko ebonakalayo. Kakhulu, bona ziyafumaneka kwi kwizinga lengingqi (zommandla). Olu didi lubandakanya imizekelo ezinjalo kwempahla karhulumente: iindawo zoluntu, iipaki, parks imoto kunye nezinye. Kulo mba, bathi sathiwa "yoluntu". Ukwabelana uqoqosho, kulo mzekelo ichaza umgangatho ophezulu ukhuphiswano ngokunxulumene ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Sithetha ngalo mgaqo of "lowo ubefike kuqala, waza wathabatha ayingenelo."

amanani ezidityanelweyo

Asingabo bonke ukuqonda ngokucacileyo kwicandelo okhoyo. Ngoko ke, abathengi abaninzi becela abantu abanolwazi kulo mba: "Nika imizekelo kwempahla karhulumente ukusetyenziswa ezihlangeneyo". Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba ezi amaxabiso iqondo elisezantsi selectivity kunye neisklyuchaemosti eliphezulu. Njengoko omnye weyona mizekelo elingqalileyo ukufumana ulwazi kwi-Internet. Ngelo xesha eli thuba ukuba afikelele abantu abaninzi. Iindleko ebekiwe yokwandisa inani abathengi ngexesha elinye kuhlala zero. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukhuphiswano (uyakhetha) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwalo elungileyo unezinga elisezantsi. Noko ke, ngokunika ngayo uphawu le excludability ayisebenzi. Oku kufezekiswe ngesicwangciso kwintshayelelo sentlawulo dibaniso kwi Internet. Njengoko iimpawu inzuzo enjalo ithuba ngokuthintela ukufikelela kulo kunye ngendleko encinci.

inkxaso karhulumente

Inani kwempahla karhulumente ngaphantsi kakhulu kunalowo kurhulumente. Uninzi impahla zikarhulumente zithathwa excludable okanye ukukhuphisana ukusetyenziswa, kwaye kwezinye iimeko zibe zombini ezi mpawu. Wena uthi malunga ukubonelelwa kwemfundo aphakamileyo. Ngokwandisa inani labafundi indleko HIV. Oku kungenxa yokuba bonke abafundi kule meko uya kufumana ingqwalasela kangako ngenxa ubuninzi enkulu. Ngelo xesha elifanayo umqondiso excludability na ingenelo yokufumana ukuqaliswa kweefizi zezifundo. Ukuba abanye abafundi baya kuba nako ukwenza oko, uya ngaphandle kule nkqubo yemfundo eklasini.

imfuno Okukodwa

Imfuneko kule okanye ezinye iimpahla ziyimfumba eye kufikelela ngokwesiseko umgaqo banciphise eluncedo ebekiwe. Ngenxa yokuba iinzuzo evela ekusetyenzisweni iyunithi ezongezelelweyo lehla, umnombo imfuno ngamnye yohlukile kwithambeka phantsi. Ngokufanayo, kwigophe imfuno yinto elungileyo yabucala enyulu. Noko ke, emva lo ufana yangaphandle efihliweyo umahluko omkhulu. Eyokuqala kukuba nokuthengiswa kwempahla karhulumente olunyulu "iqhekeza" akwenzeki. Oku kungenxa yokuba basenokuvana kwaye kwabelwana ngabo ngabantu bonke. ukutya - oku na ilungelo elikhethekileyo abantu ngabanye. Ezi zibonelelo zingasetyenziswa nkqu ngabo abakhetha ukungahlawuli kubo. Kwiyunithi nganye, kule meko, iindleko ayikho liyinikiweyo, kwaye abasebenzisi bangacela ukusebenzisa yonke umthamo kwimveliso. Ngamanye amazwi, isixa elithile ziphele inombolo enye okulungileyo.

mechanism market

Kwezinye iimeko, besebenzisa kunokwenzeka ukuphelisa ukukhululwa ngenkani-mali impahla karhulumente. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, bafumana ziifama ngamnye. Inkxaso-mali wenziwe nge indlela emarikeni. It ikuvumela ukuba ukuphumeza ezi ndlela zinika, njengoko umahluko "abakhweli ezamahala", kwakunye ne-mali abasebenzisanayo mali. Kwimeko yokuqala, sebenzisa amanyathelo ingqongqo, kundikhanyela ukufikelela umbane. Ngenxa yesimo iindleko kulo mzekelo, ingenelo kuze a selectivity, eniza kuyithengisa ngokunjalo yimfihlo.

indima edlalwa ngurhulumente

URhulumente ithatha iindleko ezinxulumene kunye namalungiselelo kwempahla karhulumente kwimeko apho neziphumo ezihle lwangaphandle ezivela ekusetyenzisweni kwabo akunakuba nayiphi internalization kukuba ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, urhulumente kuba ngqo umenzi. Umzekelo, kunokuba umzabalazo kunye imo yonxunguphalo okanye ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi. Kwakhona, urhulumente unako ukuhlawula ukukhululwa kwempahla licandelo labucala, abathatha inxaxheba ekwakheni izikolo, izibhedlele kunye nabanye. Kuzo zonke iimeko, lo gama nokungena kwemali evela kurhulumente ngeendleko kubemi irhafu etsaliweyo. Isigqibo malunga umthamo ngokupheleleyo imveliso ngokusekelwe yentshukumo zayo. Ukunika imo kwempahla karhulumente akusoloko kuphunyezwa yi umqulu eyiyo imveliso yazo. Ukusetyenziswa kwendlela serhafu kufuna zokusombulula iingxaki ezinzima sizibandakanya nempumelelo kwisiqhamo esinqwenelekayo.