Imveliso iseli solar: ubuchwepheshe kunye nezixhobo

Uluntu lidla ukuba batshintshele imithombo ezizezinye umbane ukunceda ukugcina okusingqongileyo icocekile kwaye inciphise neendleko imveliso yezamandla. Ukuveliswa ibhetri elanga yeyona ndlela mveliso zale mihla. Inkqubo unikezelo lwamandla luquka yelanga balwamkele, iibhetri, iyunithi yolawulo, inverters kunye nezinye izixhobo ezilungiselelwe imisebenzi ethile.

I iseli elanga yeyona nto iphambili, oqalisa kunye nokwanda nenguqu imitha yamandla. Kwihlabathi mihla le nkonzo xa ukhetha i lenjongo, kukho iingozi ezininzi, njengoko le mveliso ikunikeza inani elikhulu iimveliso ezidityaneswe ngaphantsi igama elinye.

Silicon iiseli solar

Ezi mveliso zithandwa kunye nabasebenzisi yanamhlanje. Isiseko imveliso zabo lesilicon. Stocks Basezinzulwini of lokuvelisa ayibizi kakhulu. iiseli Silicon ukuthelekisa kakuhle kunye nenqanaba komsebenzi nezinye iibhetri kwelanga.

iintlobo izinto

Ukuveliswa iiseli solar ezenziwe lesilicon lwenziwa ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• monocrystalline;
• polycrystalline;
• amorphous.

iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izixhobo ngasentla kunye nendlela zilungiselelwe athom lesilicon kwi njengekristale. Umahluko omkhulu kuba izinto ezahlukeneyo ilungu wemfezeko ukuguqula amandla kukhanya ngayo iifayile ezimbini zokuqala kuma kwinqanaba elifanayo ngaphezu amaxabiso izixhobo ze lesilicon amorphous.

namhlanje icandelo inika imizekelo eziliqela labaqokeleli-solar sokukhanya. Umahluko phakathi kwabo kukuba ezinye izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukuvelisa iiseli elanga. Idlala indima uhlobo avelise ubuchule kunye nezinto eqala.

uhlobo monocrystalline

Ezi zinto ziquka iiseli lesilicon elidityaniswe omnye komnye. Ngu indlela Czochralski sisazinzulu wenza lesilicon ngokupheleleyo nyulu, nto leyo eyenziwe ziikristale elinye. Le nkqubo elilandelayo nangokukrola semi-tyaba kwaye eqina phezu kwipleyiti Ebubanzini microns 250 ukuya 300. maleko Thin Igcwele electrode metal umnatha. Nangona ixabiso eliphezulu kwimveliso, izinto ezinjalo ezisetyenziswa ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu ukuguqulwa (17-22%).

Ukwenza izinto polycrystalline

technology Solar imveliso polycrystalline kukuba silicon ubunzima olutyhidiweyo ebegqwese lupholile. Production ayifuni izixhobo ezixabisa, ke ngoko, ukuze ufumane iindleko lesilicon lifinyele. Polycrystalline drives elanga inomlingani encinci ngempumelelo (11-18%), ngokuchaseneyo yikristale single. Oku kungenxa ikwinkqubo okupholisa ubunzima lesilicon Igcwele amaqamza amancinci of grainy, nto leyo refraction ngakumbi semitha.

Elements of electronic amorphous

Product ibhekisa uhlobo oluthile, njengoko basonta uhlobo lesilicon lisuka kwigama izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye ekuveliseni iiseli elanga lwenziwa yi izixhobo zobuchwepheshe film. Crystal kwinkqubo yokuvelisa unika indlela eya Silicon Silon hydrogen okanye umaleko obhityileyo leyo ihlanganisa zeendawana. Iibhetri anexabiso liphantsi ukusebenza, ukuya kwi-6%. Elements, nangona ethile ukuba inani yeenzuzo ukuba kubanika ilungelo ukuma ngokuhambelana iintlobo-ikhankanywe apha ngasentla:

• ixabiso yokufunxa kokugcina ngaphezu amaxesha amabini ngaphezu koko esisodwa-crystal kunye polycrystalline drives;
• Kuye esinobukhulu ubuncinane inwebu 1 micron;
• sezulu lisibekele aluchaphazeli umsebenzi wokuguqula ihlabathi, ngokwahlukileyo kwezinye iintlobo;
• ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu amandla yokugoba lisetyenziswa ngaphandle naziphi na iingxaki kwiindawo ezinzima.

Iintlobo ezichazwe-ngentla ezintathu converters solar kwidama iimveliso hybrid ngezinto zinezinto ezimbini. Ezi mpawu ziyaphunyezwa ukuba Izakha zifakiwe kwi nanoparticles okanye lesilicon amorphous. Le zezinto ezithile eziziphumo elifana polycrystalline lesilicon, kodwa kakuhle nalo izikhombisi ezintsha zobugcisa.

okubonakalayo ekuveliseni iiseli elanga ifilimu-uhlobo CdTe

Ukhetho izinto isuke yimfuno ukunciphisa iindleko mveliso nokwandisa iimpawu zobugcisa msebenzi. I kusetyenziswa kakhulu qho isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, telluride ukukhanya-ukufunxa. Xa 70s zenkulungwane lokugqibela CdTe kwakujongwa njengeyona Olwa siphambili ukusetyenziswa kwesithuba kushishino mihla, lisetyenziswa kwi amandla kwelanga.

Le nto ihlelwa iityhefu eziqokelelanayo, ngoko musa ibuye mpikiswano harmfulness yayo. izifundo Scientific ziye zasekwa ukuba inqanaba kwezinto ezinobungozi ekhutshelwa kwi-atmosfera, isemthethweni kwaye ukulimaza lokusingqongileyo. Izinga Efficiency yi%-11 kuphela, kodwa iindleko zombane kwiiseli ezinjalo kumila 20-30% ngaphantsi kunolo izixhobo uhlobo lesilicon.

Aggregators ray evela selenium, copper indium

Semiconductors kule divayisi yobhedu, selenium kunye indium, ngamanye amaxesha ukuba kufakwe le yokugqibela kwi kaLayishe waseGalim. Oku kungenxa yokuba ifunwa kakhulu ekuveliseni ngamagosa okubeka esweni iimviwo indium uhlobo flat. Ngoko ke, lo endaweni ekhethiweyo ngobuwena, ekubeni mathiriyeli iipropati efanayo. Kodwa ngobuchule irekhodi nokutshintshwa zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuvelisweni iseli elanga ngaphandle kaLayishe waseGalim kwandisa ukusebenza isixhobo nge-14%.

Sun catchers Polymer-based

Ezi zinto zinxulumene iteknoloji entsha, njengoko kutshanje gqi kwimarike. Of organic semiconductors ukufunxa ukukhanya lokuguqula ibe amandla ombane. Ngokuba ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso fullerenes iqela carbon, polyphenylene, phthalocyanine nobhedu, kunye nabanye. Ngenxa yoko ibhityile (100 NM) kunye nomongo umboniso ukuba anike ngumlingani ucikizeko lwezi 5-7%. Ixabiso lincinane, kodwa ekuveliseni iiseli bhetyebhetye elanga iinkalo eziliqela ezilungileyo:

• lokuvelisa bachitha imali eninzi;
• ukukwazi ukufaka iibhetri ebaleni bend bhetyebhetye, apho bhetyebhetye kubaluleke kakhulu;
• lula lokuthelekisa kunye nokufumaneka fakelo;
• ibhetri Flexible akukho iziphumo ezinobungozi kokusingqongileyo.

ukuya ngasekhohlo Chemical kwinkqubo yokuvelisa

Ibhetri elanga nto ibiza i multicrystalline okanye monocrystalline lesilicon nembasa. Ukuze yenze kakuhle ukusetyenziswa lesilicon amanani aqingqiweyo psevdokvadratnye, imilo enye ivumela ipleyiti ukhuko ashinyeneyo kumnqongo elilandelayo. Emva kokuba inkqubo ukusika ahlale phezu lamanqanaba ezincinane kwaphulwa iindawo apho zicocwa ngokusebenzisa ngasekhohlo kunye texturing ukuphucula nangokwamkela ray yesehlo.

Umphezulu ziphathwe ngendlela efanayo imele ngokungakhethiyo microprism othambekele kubonakala ukusuka iinkalo apho ukukhanya wasibetha iindawo ecaleni kwezinye uqikelelo. Ziba Procedure texture izinto iingcinga ucutho nge-25%. Inkqubo ngasekhohlo wasebenzisa uthotho acid kunye ialakalin unyango, kodwa akwamkelekanga ukunciphisa kakhulu Ebubanzini umaleko, kuba ipleyiti abakwazi ukumelana processing elandelayo.

Semiconductors in Solar

solar kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa iseli lubonisa ukuba ngcamango ngokuqinileyo elektroniki yeyona PN-kuhlangana khona. Ukuba olunye ukudibanisa conductivity ngekhompyutha n-uhlobo kunye p-uhlobo conductivity yi p-type, ingongoma lokudibana phakathi kwabo kwenzeka PN-kuhlangana khona. Iimpawu ezingundoqo emzimbeni le nkcazo ithuba asisithintelo, kwaye miss umbane kwicala elinye. Yiyo le isiphumo ikuvumela ukuba ukuseka intsebenziswano epheleleyo yinxalenye iiseli elanga.

Ngenxa phosphoric kwe- ipleyiti kosuku abunjwe n-uhlobo umaleko, olusekelwe phezu komhlaba element unzulu 0.5 microns. Nokuveliswa kwe cell elanga inika lalwano nzulu abathwali yeempawu esahlukileyo, leyo kuvela phantsi kwempembelelo ukukhanya. indlela yabo baya kuyiphosa yempembelelo kwindawo PN-isiphambuka mayibe mifutshane, okanye ukuba unako ukuhlawula xa bayahlangabezana, ngaloo ndlela ukudala nawuphi na umbane.

Ukusetyenziswa plasma-chemical ngasekhohlo

Xa isakhiwo ibhetri solar babonelelwa front umgangatho grille efakiweyo kwilori yangoku icala emva, nto leyo umfowunelwa okuqhubekayo. Ngexesha isimo nokuhanjiswa, isekethe yombane phakathi iinqwelomoya amabini kwaye idluliselwe ekupheleni ebusweni.

Ukususa ukuvalwa, izixhobo ezisetyenziswa iiseli solar, nto leyo evumela ukuba yenze ngoncedo plasma-lwekhemikhali, imichiza ngasekhohlo, okanye bomatshini, yi laser. indlela sesichengeni plasma wemichiza isoloko isetyenziswa. Nosipho lwenziwa ngexesha elinye ngenxa esitoreni plates lesilicon eDibanisa okuninzi kunye. Isiphumo senkqubo kuxhomekeke ixesha lonyango, ubume kuthetha ubungakanani lwezikweri umbandela, ulwalathiso jet yokumpompoza ion kunye nezinye izinto.

Ukusebenza antireflection alufane

Esebenzisa Ngokusebenzisa texture kwi ukubonakaliswa elementi ngaphezulu kuyehla kwi-11%. Oku kuthetha ukuba nje omnye weshumi semitha eboniswe ukusuka kumphezulu kwaye inxaxheba uluhlu kombane. Ukunciphisa ilahleko enjalo kwicala ngaphambili element isale ezinokungena enzulu pulses ukukhanya ngaphandle ebonisa kubo. Izazinzulu, kuthathelwa ingqalelo imithetho ngokukhanya, lokuqwalasela ubunjani kunye ububanzi umaleko, ngoko ke imveliso kunye nofakelo iiseli ukuze kugalelwe elanga ukunciphisa vangama ukuya kwi-2%.

Qhagamshelana metallization of icala phambi

Isiqalelo Umphezulu yenzelwe ukuba ufunxe zesixa radiation kuxhomekeke imfuneko yokuba iimpawu mbini kwaye uzobe olwenziwe metal isicelo. Ukukhetha kuyilo phambi oononjineli bagqiba iingxaki ephikisanayo. Ukunciphisa ilahleko woqondo kwenzeka kwimigca ukubhitya nelungiselelo zabo umgama ukusuka omnye komnye. Nokuveliswa kwe ibhetri elanga kunye ubungakanani enemingxuma amakhulu kukhokelela ekubeni yinxalenye isigxina akukho ixesha ukufikelela kunye zomfowunelwa kulahleka.

Ngoko ke, oosonzululwazi ngokufanayo ixabiso kumgama nezinyuko komgca metal nganye. imicu ezibhityileyo kakhulu amabala avulekileyo phezu komhlaba kwilungu iyavuleka ray, kodwa bahlawule imali eninzi ngoku. iindlela zale mihla tirhisa metallization akumi yoshicilelo istensile. Njengoko uninzi izinto sifanelekile na yesilivere-paste. Ngenxa ukusetyenziswa element kuphuma ukusebenza nge-15-17%.

Metallization kwicala elingasemva isixhobo

metal yokutyabeka kwicala esingasemva sefowuni luyenzeka schemes ezimbini, nganye kuzo elenza umsebenzi walo. Thin maleko eqhubekayo kulo lonke komhlaba, ngaphandle kwezinye imingxunyana sputtered aluminiyam kwaye umngxuma igcwele ngesithambiso esilivere, udlala indima yokuba kumfowunelwa. Solid aluminium layer isebenza njenge isixhobo sisipili kwicala elingasemva izityholo yokuzikhethela ukuze kungonakali ndisezintanjeni uqhelile of crystalline ngekroba. Ekubeni daka onjalo 2% ngaphezulu solar panels usebenza ngamandla. ncomo Consumer bathi ezi zinto eqinile ngakumbi kwaye akabi kunjalo kakhulu kuxhomekeka imozulu lisibekele.

Production solar panel ngezandla zabo

Power unikezelo ukusuka elangeni, asinguye wonk 'umntu ingayalela kwaye ukufaka ekhaya, kuba zibiza namhlanje mkhulu ngokwaneleyo. Ngoko ke abaninzi neengcibi inkosi kwaye kakuhle imveliso solar panel ekhaya.

izixhobo Ukuthengwa photovoltaic for self-ibandla singaba kwi Internet kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. ixabiso lazo ixhomekeke kwinani amacwecwe ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nesikhundla. Umzekelo, izixhobo ephantsi-amandla, ukususela watts 63 ukuya 76 ukuya iipleyiti 36 ezi 2350-2560 engange. ngokulandelelana. It zifumana izinto zokusebenza zabulawa ukusuka kwizikhundla zemveliso, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu.

Xa ukhetha uhlobo ukuguqulwa photoelectric uya kuthabatha ingqalelo into yokuba iiseli polycrystalline amelana ngakumbi ukuba imozulu enamafu yenzeni monocrystalline ngakumbi kakuhle kodwa abe nobomi elifutshane. Monocrystalline babe ukusebenza aphezulu kwimozulu solar, kwaye baya kuhlala ixesha elide.

Ukuze alungiselele imveliso solar panel ekhaya, kufuneka ukubala umthwalo lilonke zonke izixhobo eziya sinokubanamandla yi-inverter wekamva, kwaye ukuba ngaba kunako na ifowuni. Ngenxa yoko inani leeseli solar, lo gama kuthathelwa ingqalelo engile kwiqela lenjongo. Ezinye amagcisa ziquka ithuba lotshintsho ezisisigxina ezixhaswa ngemali ye-moya, ngokuxhomekeke ukuphakama ngenjikalanga nasebusika - ukusuka ubukhulu bekhephu.

ngezinto ezahlukeneyo asetyenziswa ukuvelisa izindlu. Kaninzi-alumuniyam okanye Ninika engatyiwa iikona kusetyenziswa ngamaplanga, ibhodi yamasuntswana kunye nezinye. Inxalenye ngaphaya yenziwe le glasi organic okanye abaqhelekileyo. sele Sales soldered iiseli elanga kunye ababhexeshi zokuthenga ezifana Kukhethwa bube ibandla lula. Iipleyiti Akukho zibekwe enye phezu kwenye - ezantsi anganika microcracks. Solder ligazi ukumpompoza isicelo ngaphambili. izinto ngelotha lula, ukuwabeka ngqo kwicala yokusebenza. Ekupheleni egqithiseleyo kwipleyiti yi welding, ukuba busbars (abaqhubi ebanzi), ngoko ke imveliso 'thabatha' yaye 'dibanisa'.

Emva kokuba lo msebenzi linyibilikisiwe, atywinwe panel. iinkosi Foreign iikhompawundi esetyenziselwe le njongo, kodwa luyabiza ukuze iingcibi zethu. converters ekhaya uphawu abicah, kwaye icala umva isale ivanishi esekelwe acrylic.

Elokuphetha kufuneka sithi ukuba ncomo iinkosi abaye benza iiseli elanga ngezandla zabo, eyakhayo ngaso. Xa ukuchitha imali ukuvelisa kunye nofakelo sixhobo, usapho ngokukhawuleza kakhulu byi kubo aze aqalise ukonga ngokusebenzisa amandla free.