Oil Russian and Industry Gas

kwemithombo Fuel ukunika amandla kungekuphela nje lonke oshishino naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini, kodwa phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Eyona ndawo ibalulekileyo amafutha kunye namandla ezimbaxa kwisuntswana eRussia icandelo oyile negesi.

Oyile negesi mveliso - igama generic le entsonkothileyo engoshishino, ukuthuthwa, Ukuqhutywa kunye nokusasazwa imveliso yokugqibela oyile negesi processing. Le yenye amacandelo yomeleleyo Russian Federation, ubukhulu becala ukhandwa lwabiwo-mali kunye nokulungelelana lwentlawulo yelizwe, ngokubonelela imali yengeniso yamazwe angaphandle kunye nokugcina ireyithi lwemali kazwelonke.

History of uphuhliso

Ukuqala ukuyilwa kwimihlaba yeoli kwicandelo kwimizi ithathwa 1859, xa eUnited States ioli amaqula ngoomatshini yayisetyenziswa kuqala. Ngoku, ioli phantse yonke ekrwada ezivezwa amaqula kukho umahluko kuphela ngobuchule yemveliso. Ngo-Russia, i nezokukhupha lwamafutha amaqula eweva yaqala ngo-1864 kwi-Kuban. Imveliso debit ngelo xesha toni 190 ngosuku. Ukuze kwandiswe iingeniso ingqalelo enkulu nezokukhupha oomatshini, yaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya wakhokela kwimveliso ye-oyile.

Le ndawo yokuqala engundoqo gesi oyile kwakukho North Caucasus eSoviet Russia (Maikop, Grozny) kunye Baku (Azerbaijan). Ezi amasimi abadala ozone ngonyaka akazange ahlangabezane neemfuno kushishino asakhasayo, yaye imizamo esele yenziwe ukuvula kwiinkalo ezintsha. Ngenxa yoko, bafakwa operation amasimi ezimbalwa e Central Asia, Bashkortostan, Perm kunye nommandla Kuibyshev, ebizwa njalo-base iVolga-nqubo iye yasekwa.

Umthamo yamafutha eveliswa yafikelela kwiitoni ezingama-31 ezigidi. Kule 60s inani zegolide emnyama kufunxwa liye lantinga laya million 148 iitoni, apho 71% iwela kummandla iVolga-phambene. Kwiminyaka 70 siye yafunyanwa kwaye bafakwa needipozithi ukusebenza i-West Siberian isitya. isixa esikhulu gesi kwafunyanwa oyile ukuhlola C.

Ixabiso kushishino oyile negesi kuqoqosho of Russia

Oyile kunye noshishino igesi inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho Russian. Okwangoku, kuba sisiseko lokusekwa mali kunye nokusebenza namanye amacandelo amaninzi kwezoqoqosho. Ixabiso le-lwemali kazwelonke kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumaxabiso oli ehlabathini. Geni eRashiya, amandla carbon uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo imfuno yasekhaya ukuze utshiswe, ukunika ukhuseleko amandla kweli lizwe kunye nokwenza igalelo elibalulekileyo zamandla ehlabathini izinto noqoqosho.

I-Russian Federation emikhulu hydrocarbon isakhono. Russian ushishino oyile negesi yenye kubukho bukaThixo, idibana ngokupheleleyo imfuno zangoku nezexesha elizayo zangaphakathi ioli, igesi yendalo kunye neemveliso esulungekisiweyo. A isixa esikhulu kwezibonelelo ezizizembiwa kunye nemveliso yazo kwamanye amazwe, ukubonelela wemvula zolondolozo kwemali. Russian uthatha umthamo yesibini ngobukhulu loovimba ezizizembiwa ulwelo malunga ne-10% yesabelo. Oil oovimba ziye ziyahlolisiswa yaye yaphuhliswa ezinzulwini kwimimandla 35 Russian.

Oil and Industry Gas: Ulwakhiwo

Kukho iinkqubo eziliqela ezisisiseko noshowo apho ushishino oyile negesi: mboni nezokukhupha oyile negesi nokuthutha processing.

• imveliso hydrocarbon - yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kubandakanywa ukuhlola, ukubhola, imveliso kunye ngqo unyango lokuqala kwamanzi, sulphur kunye nezinye ukungcola. Ukumbiwa zokumpompa kwe oli negesi ukuya esiludumbo abandakanyeke inkampani mali yorhwebo okanye iiyunithi lwesakhiwo, apho izibonelelo iquka pump lokomeleza zokutshiza izikhululo, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kunye namafutha.
• Ukuthuthwa oyile negesi esuka kumanxuwa zemveliso kwiiyunithi accounting, ukuba iziqhubekisi kunye nomthengi ultimate kwenziwa yombhobho, amanzi, indlela kunye nezithuthi yoololiwe. Uluhlu lwemibhobho (lokuloba kunye buti) zezona ndlela anoqoqosho ukuthutha hydrocarbon, nangona ufakelo imali eninzi kakhulu kunye nolondolozo. izithuthi imibhobho kwe oli negesi move phezu imigama emide, kuqukwa amazwekazi ezahlukeneyo. Zokuthutha zamanzi usebenzisa zidlula kunye amaphenyane kunye ukuhamba ukuya ku-320 lamawaka. Tonnes lwenziwa ngo-elide kude yonxibelelwano. Rail nezentengiselwano izithuthi nazo zingasetyenziswa oyile engahluzwanga zokuhamba phezu imigama emide, kodwa iindleko ngokukuko iindlela nje elingephi.
• Uqwalaselo lwe-eneji, ezizizembiwa awo ukufumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iimveliso zepetroliyam. Kuqala kwinto zonke, ukuba iindidi ezahlukeneyo zepetroli kunye izinto olunye processing chemical. Le nkqubo yenziwa izityalo oli. Processing lokugqibela iimveliso, ngokuxhomekeke ukwakheka imichiza, yahlulwe yemiyinge ezahlukeneyo. Inyathelo mveliso lokugqibela lufumaneka ngokuxuba amacandelo ahlukeneyo ukuze afumane ubume efunekayo ehambelana ethile uphawu imveliso petroleum.

RF endle

ioli Russian kunye noshishino negesi ibandakanya 2352 oli kwezoqoqosho. enkulu kummandla oyile negesi Russia kaThixo Western eSiberia akhawunti ye-60% yazo zonke zegolide omnyama kufunxwa. Uninzi lwe-oyile negesi evela KhantyMansiysk kunye Yamalo indawo elizimeleyo. Umthamo imveliso lemveliso kwezinye iingingqi Russian Federation:

• base iVolga-nqubo - 22%.
• Eastern eSiberia - 12%.
• iidipozithi Northern - 5%.
• ICaucasus- - 1%.

Ratio Western eSiberia e igesi yendalo ifikelela phantse 90%. Le Iidipozithi inkulu (malunga 10 ezigidi cubic metres) afumaneka endle Urengoy kwi Yamalo-Nenets Ukuzilawula District. Umthamo negesi kwezinye iingingqi Russian Federation:

• Far East - 4.3%.
• IVolga-phambene idipozithi - 3.5%.
• Yakutia naseMpuma eSiberia - 2.8%.
• ICaucasus- - 2.1%.

Uqwalaselo oyile negesi

Umsebenzi inqubo ukuguqula oli ekrwada kunye negesi kwiimveliso zorhwebo. iimveliso zepetroliyam akubandakanya amafutha ioli, nepetroli izithuthi, amafutha jet, diesel. Le nkqubo iquka lokulungisa neyanamhlanje, lwepolitiki neyanamhlanje, zokuphosa oguqukayo, ngokuhlaziya, alkylation, isomerization kunye hydrotreating.

processing igesi yendalo kuquka ucinezelo-ngomdla zokwenza nyulu, omisa glycolic. Inkqubo fractionation kubandakanya ukwahlulwa kwegesi umsinga igesi yendalo zibe ngamalungu alo:-methane, propane, butane, isobutane kunye ipetroli zendalo.

Iinkampani ezinkulu eRashiya

Ekuqaleni, zonke ezi nkalo inkulu oyile negesi sele yenziwe kuphela ngurhulumente. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, la maziko ziyafumaneka ukuze zisetyenziswe neenkampani zabucala. ioli iyonke kunye noshishino igesi Russia iinkampani zemigodi ezinkulu ngaphezulu kwe-15, kuquka kakuhle yaziwa "Gazprom", "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Surgutneftegaz".

Iinkampani Russian likhulu kummandla kwimveliso gas kunye zithengiswe "Gazprom" yaye "Novatek". Xa neshishini le- petroleum phambili isikhundla lemarike "Rosneft", njengoko iinkampani ezikhokelela "Lukoil", "Gazprom Neft" yaye "Surgutneftegaz".

Oyile negesi shishini: ngokutsha imeko ehlabathini

Xa inani eqinisekisiwe oovimba ioli ye-Russian Federation nazo yesithandathu ehlabathini. oovimba wabonisa abo ukuze ndifumane ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bale mihla. Ukukhokela isikhundla ehlabathini kuthatha eVenezuela. Isixa zolondolozo yeoli kweli lizwe - 298 billion nemigqomo. Engqinekayo zolondolozo igesi yendalo eRussia 47.6 ezigidi cubic metres. Yeyona index yokuqala ehlabathini ne-32% yabo bebonke yehlabathi. Umthengisi igesi yesibini ehlabathini kuMbindi Mpuma.

ushishino oyile nerhasi ehlabathini ivumela ukuba ukusombulula iingxaki ebalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo. Xa imeko kakuhle kwiimarike zamandla ehlabathini, abathengisi ezininzi oyile negesi ngokuncama ingeniso evela kwamanye amazwe laphumeza utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwesizwe, bonisa kwezinto ande. Le mizekelo ezigqamileyo kungathathwa njengoko amazwe e South-West Asia, kwakunye eNorway, nto leyo uphuhliso mveliso ephantsi, enkosi zolondolozo ezizizembiwa, iye yaba lelinye lamazwe amaninzi esifumileyo eYurophu.

uphuhliso

ioli Russian kunye noshishino igesi ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela abaziphethe ngayo azinakuze iimarike iphambili kuba utsalo: Saudi Arabia nase-United States. Ngokwayo, inani elipheleleyo hydrocarbon kufunxwa akuthethi ukumisela amaxabiso ehlabathini. Isalathisi lubalaseleyo yipesenti gesi emandleni oyile enye. Iindleko zemveliso ye-1 umphanda ezahlukeneyo kumazwe-iinkokheli imveliso yohluka kakhulu: kwanala aphakathi kuMbindi Mpuma, aphezulu eUnited States. Xa kungalingani umthamo amaxabiso oyile zinokutshintsha enye okanye enye indlela.