Incopho ngerandi - oku kuthetha ntoni? Iingozi a ezidadayo ngeranti?

Incopho ngerandi - yinto ukusilela epheleleyo amagunya karhulumente we-Russian Federation of inkqubo umgaqo wolawulo lwemali kazwelonke ngokuchasene iimali kwamanye amazwe ehlabathini. Indlela intshukumo ngeranti luqokelelane kuphela ngokusekelwe kwemithetho yemarike lobonelelo kunye nemfuno. Okwangoku, emazweni ambalwa kuphela abakwenzileyo ngempumelelo le fomati-nkqubo ephathelele imali yayo. Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho eqhelekileyo ngakumbi - adjustable rate.

Ingakumbi lencopho kunye neqondo lotshintshiselwano kunye fixed

Kwinguqu esa edadayo engange kuthetha ukuba ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa omnye inyoba currency, apho ixabiso lwemali kazwelonke kuyahlukana ichazwe ngokucacileyo sikhokelo. Xa umda oluphezulu okanye olusezansti, imikhosi alo eyandisa abasemagunyeni emali, ezilungiselelwe uzinzo ngerandi. Ungenelelo kwiimeko ezininzi ezenzekayo format ungenelelo ngoncedo. Kwi kwimalike evulelekileyo ngokubonakalayo laphumeza ukusebenza woguqulo ezifana iyunithi lemali lesizwe kunye nabalinganiswa ezingasafunekiyo.

Phambi kolwamkelo a phenyane ngeranti kwisivumelwano eBretton Woods ngo-1944 inkqubo ngeranti fixed umiselwa ukuzinikela iiBhanki ezingoovimba ngaphandle ukucwangcisa imali yayo, ukuthatha uxanduva ngokupheleleyo ukutshintsha imali langaphandle ngokungqinelana iikowuteshini.

Bobubi kwenkqubo rate esisigxina

amazinga otshintshiselwano Incopho ngokomthetho ngo-1944, emva kokuba neengxaki ezicacileyo izinga lotshintshiselwano esisigxina kwenziwa. Luncedo - ukuba imiphetho nzima kwi mba wophuhliso loqoqosho lwasekhaya karhulumente kunye ngokungqongqo imida ukuphuma kwibakala lehlabathi. Ukunqongophala ecacileyo yesibini yomgaqo-nkqubo - zityekele kuchaphulo olu ngokunxulumene omnye komnye. Kuye unxulumano ngqo kunye nkcukacha kophuhliso ngamnye karhulumente ngamnye. Ngokomzekelo, omnye ilizwe ezinokuba ziya kukhathaza nobunzima kakhulu kwezoqoqosho, ngelixa kulungiselelwa amanye lubonakala ngokuba impilo ezemali awomeleleyo okanye ijiye. Le kungalingani kuza kukhokelela ekubeni izinto kwilizwe eyayihluma baya kujongana inani lemingeni ngenxa imeko ukungaphatheki kakuhle kwi kummandla bomnye uMbuso.

Bobubi a lencopho ngeranti

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo weerhafu exchange phenyane, leyo ishenxisa ngokupheleleyo zonke neengxaki ngasentla, kananjalo iphawulwa linani nezingalunganga. Kufuneka athi malunga kozinzo eliphezulu yemarike, apho abarhwebi amaninzi ngokukhawuleza ijikwe ibe inzuzo kwaye ngenxa yemivuzo yabo. ifuthe elibi usiko nokunyuka kwemali ziye zamiselwa kuphela imisebenzi kumazwe-ukubaluleka kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ziyabuya phezu kummandla Russia

ezilawulwa Okokuqala lwemali urhulumente lwaqaliswa eRashiya ukususela ngowe-1999. Esi sigqibo senziwe ngenxa olungagqibekanga, lwenzeka ngo-1998. Emva iziganeko ezibi ekuhlaleni, urhulumente Russian iye yakwazi ukuphelisa impembelelo elibi kuqoqosho kwicandelo mali yangaphakathi. Sele into efana ibhaskiti lwemali apho dollar yayisetyenziswa ngaxeshanye kunye Euro yaqaliswa ngo-2005. Wavula amathuba ebanzi lokulawula imali eli lizwe. Xa zibopha iye yenziwa na imali engange ngokuchasene iimali ezimbini kakhulu ehlabathini, kugxininisa kuqoqosho United States kuphela ngephanyazo buthathaka.

De-2009, urhulumente ngenkuthalo wangenelela kwimarike lwemali i ucaphula kuphela kuloo meko, ukuba ixabiso unit mali iqala ukuhamba ngomdla ukuya kumda epasejini. Emva yeengxaki zemali zehlabathi ngo-2008 ukuya ukuvala umthetho. Urhulumente makangenelele inxaxheba intshukumo kweekowuteshini kungakhathaliseki enoba phakathi kwepaseji okanye ngaphandle kwemida yawo.

ngezinto zezindlu zooyise

Okokuqala eRashiya kutshintsho ezidadayo ngeranti Kwaze ngelo xesha uSekela-sihlalo Ulyukayev CBR ngo-2005. Wathembisa ukuba lo hlobo-nkqubo kwixesha ukususela 2010 ukuya 2015. Ngelo xesha, ukuba nengqiqo umgaqo-nkqubo yaba ngenxa imfuneko buthathaka engange ngenxa yokwanda okukhulu kwemivuzo kumazwe angaphandle. Isigqibo nzulu ngendlela uncharacteristic ngokupheleleyo ukuba iimeko ezikhoyo zoqoqosho. Le uzinzo lwemali, kwaye ixabiso eliphezulu lozinzo rate oyile kwemalike kunye ebeyifuna yohlengahlengiso lwentlawulo.

Kutheni Incopho inkqubo yotshintshiselwano iye akagwetyelwa ngokwawo?

Incopho izinga lotshintshiselwano - le yinkqubo kakhulu yenguqu yoqoqosho, ezazilungiselwe ngokuthatha ukususela ngo-2012. ukuphunyezwa kwayo pre-wabelwa ekuqaleni kuka-2015. Ngenxa ukutshintsha xa kuthelekiswa ne-2005 le meko: drop izohlwayo uxinzelelo kwixabiso "igolide abamnyama", ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho, ifuthe izenzo zikarhulumente yaba okwahlukileyo. Le imali engange buthathaka nxamnye dollar kwaye abonise hexa ibonwe. Ngelo xesha xa imeko ukuba ulungise kuphela-nkqubo esebenzayo ye-Central Bank of Russia, phezu koko, oko yamkela isigqibo disengagement yakhe ngokubonakalayo ugcina indawo yayo. Yintoni a ezidadayo izinga lotshintshiselwano ukuba Russian, ukuba bathi yingxaki, nanjengoko isiphumo ukuphunyezwa kwayo akuyi kuya kuphunyezwa.

izinga lotshintshiselwano Incopho yaye ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho

Incopho ngerandi - kuba -nkqubo yezemali karhulumente, nto leyo akuvumelekanga ukuba ukusebenzisa kuqoqosho ezingazinzanga. Oku kungenxa yokuba lo mkhuba yokuziphatha urhulumente kwandisa umngcipheko lwemali kozinzo kuphela. An into umdla kukuba icebiso "neengcali ihlabathi" best ngubani ukucebisa urhulumente, namhlanje ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, ngokutsho ngummeli Investbank ezidadayo ngeranti egqiba akwamkelekanga kwaphela ngenxa izohlwayo ezibukhali wabeka phambili ngurhulumente ukuba ityala elikhulu ngokwaneleyo lwangaphandle karhulumente loshishino. ingcali Financial yenza ikamva siqinisekile ngobume kozinzo, zombini zemali kunye nexabiso. Andrei belousov, abahlala ngentsika Assistant kuMongameli lowu esidlangalaleni ukuba, nangona ukusungulwa ezidadayo ngeranti, eli lizwe ilungele oku kodwa ngokwaneleyo. Iinkxalabo ezinxulumene into yokuba ukungabikho kozinzo lo lwemali kungakhokelela ekubeni destabilization epheleleyo zangaphandle imicimbi yabasebenzi ngenxa yokusilela ukuzalisekisa iimfanelo phantsi kwezivumelwano ngaphambili ezisayiniweyo.

Lo mfanekiso lwenziwa ukuya kunyaka-1993, xa phakathi kwe emthonjeni ngenxa kukuwa engange ezininzi iinkampani ezinkulu kweli lizwe kwanyanzeleka ukuba aphelise izivumelwano zexesha elide kunye balahlekelwa kakhulu kunene. Njengoko yokusebenza ibonisa ihlabathi, a ezidadayo izinga lotshintshiselwano - ngumgaqo-nkqubo wemali ngazo ngokwayo ngempumelelo kuphela kumazwe apho uqoqosho lukhula ekhawulezile, kwaye le industry kwincopho yobomi. Eyona entweni kumazwe angaphandle kweli imveliso kufanele ukuba.

rate indiza ehlabathini

lencopho ngerandi nkqubo umiselwe% nje 34 zehlabathi. Lo mzobo kuquka amazwe 65, 29 kuzo baziqhelanise ezidadayo izinga lotshintshiselwano kunye nongenelelo kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, 36 ithi abakwenzileyo ukuyilwa imali yesizwe ibhekisa kuphela ukuyilwa ebango emarikeni kunye nobonelelo. Absolute lencopho ngerandi - into leyo eye iphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo kumazwe-17 le-European Union. Amazwe 13 eseleyo,-70% ezabelo zamashishini ezahlukeneyo zokuthumela. Uluhlu ithi abenza freestyle ukudada lwemali kazwelonke iingcali kwimveliso ye-oyile, kuphela Mexico kunye eNorway. Le khosi ngononophelo waqhuba kunye namaqabane eqhinga yaseRashiya. Oku eTurkey, Brazil kunye ne-India. Ezi States babe ngoncedo lwemali ethambileyo kakhulu Central Bank. A phenyane izinga lotshintshiselwano, imiphumo kuzo sele iqalile ukuzibonakalisa ngamandla ngokwayo, nto nako, kuba eRashiya ayikho uphawu imarike ephuhliswe kakuhle inshorensi yomngcipheko exchange angaphandle. angaphandle Oil enye ezikhethiweyo baye kwezinye iimali, advantageously oluzinzileyo ezisisigxina.

"Ngokuba" isikhundla

Ukuqwalasela lo mbuzo ngokuba kuthetha ntoni na lencopho izinga lotshintshiselwano iRashiya, kubalulekile besithi meko nje hayi tenable. I-Central Bank akayifezi imisebenzi yayo njengoko kuchaziwe kumthetho njengoko sikude kakhulu ngenxa kweekowuteshini ngemihla. Plus ukuba ubume bezemali kukuba akazi ukuba bachithe oovimba negolide yabo umdlalo kunye beyifuna. Xa ukuhoywa ngoyaba into yokuba beyifuna sikhula naxa ukulwatyuza olomeleleyo. Beka umdlali inelona futhe likhulu emarikeni kobuso Central Bank namhlanje kuhlala ezinkulu, iingcali ezivela ingeniso amazwe, ezinenzele zona 72% of kwemali. Yintoni esongela lencopho izinga lotshintshiselwano kuba ilizwe kunye nabantu balo kwixesha elizayo, bathi kuyingxaki, kuba ngokuya kuxhomekeke kumanyathelo okanye Ukungenzi kwi Central Bank.

iingcamango eziphosakeleyo

Oko kuthetha phenyane izinga lotshintshiselwano, nokuba luncedo ngayo eRashiya, wathi kwimfundo ephakamileyo, nangona ukuba yonke ingcaciso enikezwa yile ncwadana engachanekanga. Kwenye yeencwadi idata zilandelayo ziyafumaneka kwi kuqoqosho: "A phenyane ngeranti kukuswela yohlengahlengiso lwentlawulo iza kuthelekiswa kunye intsilelo ukuba engenakuphikiswa wayeza ukucutha umyinge zeedola waya kummandla karhulumente. Ixabiso le-lwemali kazwelonke uya ngendlela kuhla ngenxa yoko - kunciphisa iindleko impahla yasekhaya, popularization zawo kwimarike yasekhaya kunye nokwandisa kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhula kumazwe kuya kwandisa ekungeneni zeerandi kunye nemfuno zemali yamazwe angaphandle ziya kuwa, le engange uya kuvuka. " Ukuze othile oku ilungile, kodwa, ucinga lo mbuzo, kufuneka sijonge ukuba umthetho kubalulekile ukuba amazwe ukuba anikeze impahla, iindleko oluthi luqokelelane kuphela ukusuka iindleko kurhwebo lwasemakhaya. Chaza into esongela edada izinga lotshintshiselwano, kuya kuba lula xa ucinga ukuba ukuthunyelwa karhulumente kwi-72% ibandakanya oyile negesi, kwaye iindleko zamandla luqokelelane ngokupheleleyo kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa yoko, "ezamahala engange engenasigxina" asikwazi kukhokelela ekwandeni lwemali kazwelonke, okanye ukwanda imithamo kumazwe angaphandle. Ukwalathisa iingenelo zomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo ecaleni layo, Russia kufuneka indidi kumazwe alo emakhonkcweni e-nokuhlelwa yorhwebo, kunokuba ngamaqabane ilizwe ukuba ngokukhutheleyo ezenziwayo phantsi benze nokwahlukana.

Yintoni lokulindela kwixesha elizayo?

A phenyane izinga lotshintshiselwano, imiphumo nasasebenzayo nangoku ayaziwa, ivula amathuba i-Central Bank ngokwemiqathango yokuzaliseka zokungenelela. Kulo mzekelo, i-IMF kuchazwe ngokucacileyo imilinganiselo ukuba Central Bank unelungelo angenelele hayi ngaphezulu kwe amaxesha 3 kwisithuba seenyanga ezi-6, ubude kufuneka ungabi ngaphezu kweentsuku ezi-3. ummiselo okungqongqo uzinzo lwemali kazwelonke uya kukwazi ukubamba kwinqanaba ubuncinane.

Central Bank of Russia ngenkuthalo lisebenzisa umyinge wenzala ummiselo yemali. Kwemali Ukomeleza wenza ukuncitshiswa mali yayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kuseko komngcipheko ophezulu amatyala kwaye ophazamisa ukukhula koqoqosho karhulumente. Mboleko ezikhulayo, ukuba umthombo yomkhondo kumacandelo ezoqoqosho zotyalo-mali. Ukuqwalasela lo mbuzo ngokuba kuthetha ntoni ukuba phenyane izinga lotshintshiselwano, sinako ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba isenzeko, enyanisweni kwakunye nokuhla ke, - iziphumo ze-nkqubo Central Bank. Imiphumela - it esikutsibelayo kwimarike lwemali kunye mood ndlongo ngumyinge.