Indlela yokwakha izakhiwo zemifanekiso. Ulungiso ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Indawo ephakamileyo kunazo zonke kwihlabathi

Isakhiwo sikhulu ngamabali aphakamileyo - zihlala ziyamangalisa izinto ezibonakala zihloniphekile kwaye zihloniphekile. Indlela yokwakha izakhiwo zezakhiwo kwaye kutheni na? Ukuphumelela kwezi zigqibo kubangelwa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwabemi bobukhulu beeplanethi. Ngelo xesha, kunzima kakhulu ukuphuhlisa iphrojekthi yesakhiwo esingaphaya kwekhulu leemitha eziphezulu. Isakhiwo esinjalo akumele sisebenze kuphela, kodwa sikhuselekile. Yingakho namhlanje, ukuphumeza iiprojekthi ezifana nale ndlela, sichitha ekusebenziseni ubuchwephesha obuninzi.

Yiyiphi iteknoloji yokwakha izakhiwo zemifanekiso? Ziziphi izakhiwo ezona ziphezulu namhlanje? Ziziphi izinto ezintsha ezakhiwa ngokutsha? Le mibuzo neminye iya kuphendulwa kwimiba yethu.

Ukukhetha indawo yokwakha

Indlela yokwakha izakhiwo zemifanekiso? Inendima ebalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni kweprojekthi kukukhethwa kwendawo yokubeka izakhiwo. I-Vysotki ixininisa kakhulu emhlabathini kunezakhiwo zokuhlala eziqhelekileyo. Kungenxa yesi sizathu sokuba izakhiwo zemihlaba zisehlabathini elincinci, ezingenazo izibonda, izihlwele eziqingqiweyo kunye namachibi amanzi. Izakhiwo zokuphakama okumangalisayo ziqukethe ubuninzi obungabonakaliyo ngaphantsi komhlaba. Kuyacaca ukuba ukubeka izakhiwo eziyinkqubo eziyinkqubo kufuna ukuhlalutya ngokucophelela uhlobo lomhlaba.

Iindonga kunye nezakhiwo ezixhasayo

Izakhiwo zemihla yangoku ayinakwakhiwa kwizitena okanye kwi-slabs slabs. Ulo lwakhiwo luya kulindela ukutshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokungazinzi phantsi kwefuthe lezinto zendalo.

Njengomgaqo, ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zemihlaba zithatha inxaxheba ekusebenziseni imithwalo yemithwalo, izakhiwo zensimbi ezinobumba. Njengento ephathekayo kuzo zonke iintlobo zepansi, ikhonkrithi ye-monolithic eqinisekisiwe yinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla lisetyenzisiweyo.

Ubeko

Ngaphakathi, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zemihlaba kubaluleke kakhulu kwizindlu zedolophu. Ingqwalasela ephambili apha kukuhambelana nokuphepha komlilo. Emva koko, ukukhupha abantu kwisakhiwo esinokuphakama kweendawo ezininzi kwiimeko zengxamiseko kunzima kakhulu. Ngoko ke, indawo yangaphakathi yezakhiwo zemihlaba ihlukaniswe kwimingcipheko yomlilo ekhethekileyo. Kule meko, enye i-elevator yokukhusela kwisakhiwo isoloko ixhunyaniswe nokunikezelwa kwamandla angaphazamiseki.

Izicwangciso zezakhiwo ezitsha zicwangciswe ngendlela ejongene neemeko eziphuthumayo abantu abangakwazi ukufihla kwisiteji sobugcisa, ngokuqhelekileyo ukuma kungenzi lutho. Ngexesha elifanayo, zonke iingeniso eziya kwiziko zihlala zixhotyiswe ngeengcango ezimbini. Phumelela oku ukwenzela ukukhusela iifomthi ezinika ilangabi nge-oxygen emlilweni.

Inkxaso yoBomi

Izakhiwo zemizi, njengomthetho, zixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo eziqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okonga. Izakhiwo ezininzi zanamhlanje zineepaneli zelanga. Kuba ukubonelelwa kwamanzi kubangelwa iimpompo ezivelisayo, ezifakwe kuwo onke ama-10-15. Enye indlela yokupompa amanzi amakhulu ngamitha-mitha ayinakwenzeka. Ewe, awunakukwazi ukuphawula inkqubo yokuzimela emoyeni.

Iindleko zeeprojekthi

Zindleko zingaphi ukwakha i-skyscraper? Kungekudala, oonjiniyela baseJapan bathi baceba ukwakha isakhiwo esibizwa ngokuthi "Fuji", apho ubude babo buya kufumana ingqiqo engamawaka amane. Iprojekthi yokwakha ithatha ubuninzi beendawo ezili-800. Isakhiwo esipheleleyo kufuneka sibe ne-million yezigidi zabantu. Ukubonelela ngesakhiwo ngombane, iipaneli zelanga ziya kusetyenziswa. Iyintoni iindleko zeprojekthi? Ngokweengcali, ukwakhiwa kwe "Fuji" kuya kuchitha iJapan kwimali eyi-300 ukuya ku-900 yezigidigidi zeedola.

Ngokuphathelele indlu ende kunazo zonke ezikhoyo, yinqaba ye Burj Khalifa e-United Arab Emirates. Ubude bayo bufikelela kuma-828 amitha. Iindleko zeso sikhundla se-skyscraper zifikelela kuma-dollar ayi-20 yezigidi.

Isithuba esilandelayo esiphezulu se-skyscraper-iSakhiwo seShanghai, esakhiwa ngayo ngo-2015, ixabise i-1.7 billion iindleko zayo. Ukuphakama kwesi sakhiwo kungamamitha angama-632.

Indawo ephakamileyo kunazo zonke kwihlabathi

Ngo-2010, isixeko sase-Dubai (UAE) savula ngokucacileyo enye yezakhiwo ezithandekayo kwimbali. I-skyscraper ephezulu kwihlabathi (828 meter) yaqanjwa ngokuthi "Burj Khalifa." Ukunikezelwa kwendonga kwakumcimbi wokuziqhenya. Kwakukho isakhiwo esikhulu sabutha amawaka ababukeli. Ukusasazwa komkhosi osisigxina usasazeka kwihlabathi lonke. Emva kwezenzo zodwa ngokubukela kwithelevishini iirekhodi ezi-2 zezigidi.

Le projekthi yathatha iminyaka emi-5 ukugqiba. Ekuhambeni komsebenzi, izicwangciso zama-sheikhs aseArabhu, ezazijongene nokuxhaswa ngemali, zatshintsha amaxesha amaninzi. Abacwangcisi bexesha rhoqo babefanele benze utshintsho kwisicwangciso sokwakha ukuze kukhuliswe ukuphakama kwayo.

Nangona zonke iinzame ze-sheikhs, uBurj Khalifa, mhlawumbi, uthembisa ukuhlala ixesha elincinci kwisakhiwo esinqabileyo kakhulu emhlabeni. Eneneni, kungekudala nje urhulumente waseSaudi Arabia wamemezela iprojekthi yakhe, ekufuneka ichithe ubukhulu bayo inqaba eyaziwayo. Ngokwezinye iingxelo, ukuphakama kwe-giant ebizwa ngokuba yi-Kingdom Tower kuya kuba yi-1.1km.

Izakhiwo zendawo kwiNew York City

Enye yeenkokheli zehlabathi ngokwemigangatho yabakhandi nganye kwiyunithi yendawo ukuya kulolu suku ihlala isixeko saseNew York. Umhenketho wangempela uMecca nguye owaziwayo "Building State Building". I-skyscraper ifumaneka kwisiko-mali se sixeko kwinqanaba leSikwesibini kunye neTesithathu nesine. Isakhiwo sithatha i-block yonke kwaye siphakamise esibhakabhakeni kwimitha engama-448.

Kungekudala nje i-skyscraper ephezulu eNew York yayiyiziko leZorhwebo loHlabathi. Isakhiwo esinqumleko sasineendonga ezimbini zamatye, ngasinye sinokuphakama kwama-541 amitha kunye ne-110. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2011 kwintlekele eyingozi. Akusiyo imfihlelo yokuba i-skyscraper edumileyo yachithwa ngokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kwaye yaphela ibe yimbali.

Ngo-2005, kwimaphu ye-metropolis yabonakala iRockefeller Centre eyaziwayo. Iimali zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesikhwele zigqitywe ngumsebenzi wezentengiselwano ophumeleleyo uJohn Rockefeller, ngozuko lwawo ekuthiwa yilo lwakhiwo. Isakhiwo sokwakha i-New York kwiimitha ezili-259. Kuphezulu kweso sakhiwo sineenkcukacha zokubheka indawo, ukusuka kuyo enye yeeparorama ezilungileyo ukuya kwisixeko. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba umbhoshongo wokuqwalasela ophahleni lwesakhiwo, ufumene abavakhenkethi, awunayo i-grids and grids. Oku kuvumela iindwendwe zento ukuba zijonge nje iimbono ezimnandi.

Ubugcisa obunokutsha

Okwangoku, ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zemihlaba ejikeleze ihlabathi zijoliswe ekuphunyezweni kwemithombo yamandla evuselelekayo kwiprojekthi, ukusetyenziswa kobuhlobo bendalo, izinto ezikhuselekileyo, ukunciphisa impembelelo yabantu abaninzi emhlabeni. Iingcali zikhokelwa yintlobo ekhoyo yokuyila, impembelelo yeziganeko zesistim.

Indlela yokwakha izakhiwo zemifanekiso? Okokuqala, abaqulunqi basebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezidibeneyo. Njengomthetho, izicwangciso ezifanayo ziphindaphindiwe kuwo onke amanqanaba esakhiwo. Ukusebenzisa izakhi ziyanciphisa ubuninzi bezakhiwo, ngokomyinge, ngo-10%. I-teknoloji yenza ukuba kube lula ukukhawulezisa ukuphunyezwa kweeprojekthi.

Ubuchwephesha obuphambili kakhulu sele sisetyenziswe kumazwe ase-Asiya. Ikhathazeke ngokukodwa ngokuzinyuka kokuzinza kwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo, ezibangelwa kukuphakama okuphezulu kokungena kwezenzo zendalo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-skincraper Jin Mao, esekelwe eShanghai, ngokweengcali, inokugcina ingqibelelo yezakhiwo zayo kwisantya somoya esingaphezu kwama-200 km / h, kunye nokunyamezela ukuthungca kwee-7. Oku kubangelwa ukuphunyezwa koxhumo lwefowuni ngaphakathi kwiikholomu zenkxaso. Impembelelo enkulu ekugcineni ukuzinza kwesakhiwo sinikezelwa ngobungakanani bebhodi lokubhukuda elisecaleni le-57 lomgangatho wendawo. Eli lilandelayo livumela isakhiwo ukuba silinganise kwindawo.

Akukho kwindawo yokugqibela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo eziphakamileyo ezixhalabeleyo ngendalo. Izakhiwo zemihla yamanje zidlala indima yefayili zomoya, ezikhupha umoya emoyeni zomoya zokushisa, ezinye izinto eziyingozi. Umzekelo obalaseleyo kukuba kwakhiwe iBhanki yaseMelika, ehlala kwisiqithi saseManhattan. Iinkqubo ezifumaneka kwiindonga zokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo ziyakwazi ukucoca umoya ocolileyo kwaye zibuyiselwe kwindawo esele ihlambulukileyo.

Isakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke ehlabathini - "iBurj Khalifa" igxininisa ngokwayo i-condensate, leyo ishiya iifom ye-irrigation yemimandla eluhlaza. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, xa kwakhiwa i-skyscraper, amabakala akhethekileyo ekhonkrit asetyenziswe, anokukwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, okudlulileyo kuma-50 ° C.

Ekugqibeleni

Ngoko safumanisa ukuba izakhiwo zemihlaba yenziwe njani. Kungekudala, ezinye zeeprojekthi ezi ngasentla zibonakala zizinto ezizayo kwaye zingenakufumaneka ngexesha elifutshane. Kubonakala ukuba ukuphuhliswa kobuchwephesha akumi. Izisombululo ezilungeleleneyo ziba yinxalenye yobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kwaye ziyakuthi zithathwe ngokungenanto.