Ingcamango yengqondo yomthetho. Ingcamango yengqondo yomthombo wemithetho

Uphakame njani urhulumente? Iyintoni isiseko sayo? Yintoni efanelekileyo? Ukuze uphendule le mibuzo neminye eminye, ezininzi iinkolelo ezahlukahlukeneyo zazalwa. Uninzi lweemfundiso ludibaniswa neninzi yeembono zenzululwazi kule ngxaki, kunye neemeko ezininzi zeziganeko ngokwazo. Kwiingcamango ezisisiseko ezichaza imvelaphi yombuso, kubalulekile ukubaluleka kwi-theological, patriarchal, ezoqoqosho, ezoqoqosho, izivumelwano, ingqondo kunye nabanye.

Ngokubhekiselele kwingcamango yomthetho, i-hypothesis yokuvela kwayo idibaniswa ngokungahambelani nomgaqo wokuvela kwamandla. Kukhona imfundiso yenkolo, imfundiso yendalo yemvelo, imfundiso yomthetho wendalo , i- theory ye-nature and, of course, yengqondo. Izazinzulu kunye nefilosofi uLobert Iosifovich Petrazhitsky wavelisa imfundiso yokugqibela. Ingcamango yengqondo yombuso nomthetho isekelwe kwingcinga yokuba urhulumente wasungulwa ngexesha lokwahlula uluntu ngokubonakalisa impawu ezimbini: ukuzithoba nokulawula.

Ingundoqo yesifundo

Umntu unesidingo sengqondo sokuhlala ngaphakathi kwintlalo, unengqondo yokusebenzisana ngokubambisana. Abafundi beli ngcamango babecinga uluntu kunye nombuso ngenxa yokubambisana kwabantu kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo eyadalayo. Umbutho kunye ne-metropolis yiphumo lokuzaliswa kweemfuno zendalo zomntu othile kwintlangano ethile.

Ingcamango yengqondo yomthetho. Abamele

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeshumi leminyaka, isazi senzululwazi waseRussia uLI Petrazhitsky sakhula imfundiso yemvelaphi yombuso. Kwikhophi enzima, uxelelwa kumsebenzi othi "Inkolelo yoMthetho kunye neRhulumente kwiXhotyana neNkcazo yokuziphatha." Abalandeli beemfundiso nguA. Ross, uMnu Reisner, uG. Gurvich. Umbhali wenkolelo yengqondo yazalwa ngowe-1867 kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo yasePoland. ULI Petrazhitsky waphumelela kwiYunivesithi eKiev waza wafunda kwi-Seminary yaseJamani eJamani. Emva kokuqeqeshwa, wabuyela eRashiya, apho waqala ukufundisisa i-theory yomthetho. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-20, inzululwazi yashicilela imisebenzi emibili eprintiweyo, apho yavelisa ingqondo ngeengcinga zamandla.

Ingcamango yengqondo yasungulwa ngamaxesha athile:

1. Ukususela ngo-1897 ukuya ku-1900. Umbhali wemfundiso wabhala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wesayensi. Umsebenzi wawuhambisane nezicelo ezininzi. Izibonelelo eziphambili ze-theory uLI uPetrazhitsky ziboniswe kwincwadi ye-1900 "Imixholo kwi-Philosophy yoMthetho."

2. Ukususela ngo-1900 ukuya ku-1905 unyaka. Usosayensi waqala ukuphuhlisa iinkcukacha ngeendlela zakhe zokufundisa. Umsebenzi onzima wabonakaliswa kumsebenzi "Intshayelelo ekufundweni komthetho kunye nokuziphatha. Iingqondo zengqondo. "

3. Ukususela ngo-1905 ukuya ku-1909 unyaka. ULI Petrazhitsky wenza inxaxheba kwenkqubo yokudibanisa yolwazi olusemthethweni esekelwe kwindlela eyenziwa ngaphambili. Umsebenzi wakhe wawusungulwe kwincwadi yesibini ebizwa ngokuba yi-Theory of Law kunye ne-State kwi-Connection kunye neTheory of Morality. Isitywina sencwadi yokugqibela yayisiganeko ngokwenene kwiincwadi zehlabathi.

Iimbono ze-EN Trubetskoi kunye ne-MA Reisner

Ifilosofi kunye nomgwebi uN. N. Trubetskoy ubonisa ukuba ubumbano luyintloko yomntu ngamnye. Abantu bahluke omnye komnye kwiimpawu zabo zengqondo kunye namandla abo emzimbeni. Kwintliziyo yolwazi lwabantu abathile kukuqonda ukuxhomekeke kwi-elite, ukufaneleka kwemimiselo ethile yesimo sengqondo kunye nezenzo, okuzisa emphefumlweni wabo ingqondo yokuzinza nokuthuthuzela. Inxalenye yesibini yabantu ihlukaniswe ngumnqweno wokuthobela abanye ukuthanda kwabo. Abantu abanjalo baba iinkokheli kuluntu.

Inkqubo yentlalo-yengqondo ekuxazululeni umbuzo wemvelaphi yombutho yafunyanwa ngu-MA Reisner. Ngokombono wakhe, umzuzu oyintloko ekubunjweni kolawulo ngumbono oququzelela ubomi kuluntu. Ifilosofi ikholelwa ukuba umthombo omkhulu weenkolelo zentetho yintliziyo yabantu. Ukufunda ngokubunjwa kweli lizwe kuncinci ulwazi lwamava angokwengqondo olwenza iingcamango zezopolitiko kunye nokuhlaziywa kwabantu. Umbuso, njengoko inzululwazi yakholwa, yayiquka abantu, indawo kunye namandla. Yayilungelelanisa yonke imbambano yezopolitiko, eyona mpe mbelelo, ukwesabisa, ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho kunye nenkolo, eqhutywa yinkqubo yomthetho. Urhulumente ngumkhiqizo wokuqonda ngokubaluleka kwenani leenkolelo, iinkqubo kunye nemigaqo apho kuxhomekeka kwabo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamandla kubandakanya.

Izibonelelo eziphambili zomgaqo-mthetho

Ingcamango yengqondo yomthetho uL. Petrazhitsky iqulethe ezi ngongoma ezilandelayo:

1. Imfundiso ibandakanya umthetho ochanekileyo kunye enembile. Iyokuqala isebenza ngokusemthethweni kwiphondo, xa isibini isekelwe kwisiseko sengqondo yabantu kwaye iqulethwe ngamava kunye nemibutho.
2. Umthetho ochanekileyo yimiqathango ekhoyo esekelwe nguRhulumente, ngu-mthetho.
3. Kuzo zonke iindawo eziziwayo zengqondo zomntu, ezibaluleke kakhulu iimvakalelo ezikhuthaza izenzo. Xa ukwakha ubudlelwane nabanye abantu, umntu uthembele kumthetho onembile. Olu hlobo lwababhali beengcamango lubonwa njengeyinyaniso, njengoko lukhokelela kwizenzo ezizimeleyo kunye nezimo.

Ingxabano phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini kubangela ukuxhamla kwentlalo. Kule meko, umthetho udlala indima yezinto ezintle zobomi bengqondo kuluntu, oluyimbopheleleko, noluntu olufunayo.

Ingcamango yengqondo yomthetho. Criticism

Naliphi na inkolelo inabalandeli kunye nabachasi. Le mfundiso igxekwa ngezizathu ezininzi. Ngaloo ndlela, ngelixa uthetha ngendima yeembonakalo zengqondo kwinkqubo yesimo seburhulumenteni, akuzange kunikezelwe inkcazo ecacileyo yendawo yengqondo ekubunjweni kombuso. Zonke iimpawu zacatshangwa zifana kwaye zabizwa ngokuba yimvakalelo okanye iimvakalelo. Iingcamango zengqondo zengqondo aziqwalasela ulwazi lokuba i-psyche yomntu ihlukaniswe ngamagatya amathathu: ingqondo, imvakalelo, inamandla. Ngokwe siseko saloo mva, ubudlelwane basungulwa, kwaye iipiramidi zentlalo zakhiwe eziphantsi kokubunjwa koburhulumente. Abantu abaneempawu ezinqweneleyo ezinamandla babe ngabaholi kuluntu.

Ingcamango yengqondo yokuvela komthetho ifaka umnqweno wokubambisana kwabantu. Kodwa ngokwenene le ngcamango ayikho. Kukho iziganeko ezaneleyo zokungabikho kokukhathalela abantu ngabantu abathandekayo. Ababhali be-theory banxulumene nokubaluleka ngokubaluleka ekubunjweni kweemeko zengqondo zengqondo, akwanele ukuqwalasela ezinye iimeko.

Inzuzo zo kufunda

Ingcamango yengqondo ixhomekeke ngokusondeleyo kunye nendlela yokwenza umgaqo wokuziphatha. Xa uguqulela uninzi lweemimiselo zomthetho kumgangatho wokuziphatha okwenene ngamava, iimpembelelo zomntu zengqondo ziba yi-link yokugqibela ngokuqhagamshelana ngqo nokuziphatha okuthile. Umthetho unokulawula ukuziphatha kuphela ngengingqi yengqondo nengqondo. Ngaloo ndlela, ingcamango yengqondo yemvelaphi yomthetho ithatha ingqalelo iimpawu zabantu, indima yolwazi olusemthethweni ngokulawulwa kobudlelwane boluntu.

Ifilosofi kunye neendlela

Umbhali wenkolelo ekukhanyeni kohlobo lomthetho walandela imfundiso yefilosofi efanelekileyo. Ukuthatha iziseko zeli xesha, uLi Petrazhitsky wongezelela iingcamango zakhe zangaphambili. Inzululwazi yayixhasa imbono yokukhulula komthetho kwilizwe, kodwa ayizange iphike ukubaluleka kwelifa lemveli. Wazama ukudala imfundiso yombane enokuba yindlela yokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo weRashiya kunye nezobugcisa bezobugcisa.

Impembelelo yeemvakalelo

ULI Petrazhitsky unikela indima ebalulekileyo kule ngxaki njengoluhlobo lwamava aqhelekileyo. Inkolelo yengqondo yomthetho iyahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zeemvakalelo: ubuchule kunye nokuziphatha. Abangaphambili bafumana amava ngokusabela kwizenzo zabantu, kwiintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezenzekayo okanye malunga neepropati zezinto. Inzululwazi ikholelwa ukuba kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibonakaliswe ngolu hlobo, imigaqo yokuziphatha, evunyelwe uluntu, iqalisa.

Imvakalelo yokuziphatha, njengengqondo yomsebenzi, imisebenzi, ukulawula ukuziphatha komntu ngamnye. Zinezi ndawo ezinjengegunya lolawulo, ukubonakaliswa kwesazela, isithintelo sokhetho lokuzikhethela kunye noxinzelelo ekuziphatheni "okulungileyo". ULI Petrazhitsky uchonga iintlobo ezimbini zemisebenzi - yokuziphatha, yomthetho. Abangaphambili bakhululekile ngokumalunga nabanye. Umthetho - uhlobo lwemisebenzi enokuthi ithathwa kwabanye.

Imigangatho yokuziphatha

Ukongeza kwimisebenzi eyenziwa ngumntu, ifilosofi ithathe ingqalelo kwiimigaqo zokuziphatha. Wawahlula ngeentlobo ezininzi. Okokuqala kuthiwa "imilinganiselo yokuziphatha." Ziyimbopheleleko yokubambisana ngokuzimeleyo, zithi zizimeleyo ngokumalunga neminye imisebenzi, zimisela umntu ukuziphatha okuthile. Imizekelo yeemimiselo ezinjalo yimithetho yemigaqo yobuKristu, echaza imisebenzi kummelwane ngaphandle kokubhengezwa kwamabango. Udidi lwesibini luquka ukunyanzelisa, iinkqubo ezithandekayo ezenza imisebenzi ethile kuluntu, zifuna ukuzaliseka kwazo kwabanye. Yiyiphi imbopheleleko yabanye, ithelwa ngabanye njengento efunekayo, ejoliswe kubo.

Isiphelo

Isakhiwo sombutho welizwe sibonakala kwisigaba esithile ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Izizathu zenkqubo zizinto ezihlukeneyo, ezifana ne-biological, ezoqoqosho, ezonqulo, nezengqondo, zesizwe. Iingcamango ezichaza ukubunjwa kwelizwe zininzi, nganye ichaza enye yezinto ezinokwenzeka kwinkqubo. Kodwa bonke abakwazi ukufaka ibango ngokuqinisekileyo. Kumele kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba iimpawu zengqondo nezengqondo zabantu zenziwa ngenxa yezenzo zezopolitiko, ezomkhosi, ezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, ezokomoya nezenkolo.