Ingongoma yokunyibilika yentsimbi

Iron ndoda yaqala ukuba ngumnini (nzini, ukunyibilika) emva kweminyaka eliwaka embalwa emva kokuba nophuhliso msebenzi ubhedu. I zentsimbi yokuqala lweenkobe ngohlobo iqhuma kwafunyanwa kuMbindi Mpuma 3000 BC. Nentsimbi nensimbi, ngokutsho kwiingcali, inzondo kwi planethi nje iindawo ezimbalwa, abantu ezahlukileyo le nkqubo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Nale intsimbi njenge material yokwenza izixhobo, ozingela imfazwe indawo ilitye nobhedu.

Inkqubo yokuvelisa zentsimbi yokuqala ebizwa syrodutnyh. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba, ndiwile balele emhadini yentsimbi ekrwada kunye ngamalahle, nto leyo evusa kuthinteleke atywinwe, eshiya i nivuthele umngxuma apho umoya inikezelwa kukhala. Ngexesha zokufudumeza enjalo, indawo ukunyibilika yentsimbi, Kakade ke, abukhange bufikelelwe, waye wafumana ubunzima olumanzi (Bloom), nto leyo ke zeBlack (ash ukusuka amafutha, oxides le esikrwada rock).

Okulandelayo, kubangela iyabuna prokovyvali ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekususeni zeBlack kunye nezinye utshintshe nje okungeyomfuneko, le yinkqubo ethatha ixesha elide kuthwalelwa phandle izihlandlo ezininzi, okubangela ubunzima iyonke yokusebenza entanjeni ifikelela isahlulo sesihlanu. 'Umnqwazi kwevili yamanzi yabonakala kunokwenzeka ukuba unikeze isixa esikhulu womoya. Ngenxa ezinjalo dutyu ephuphumayo yokunyibilikisa isinyithi yaba lobushushu nolufikelelekayo, wabonakala metal ngohlobo engamanzi.

Le metal yaba intsimbi, nto leyo kwaphunyezwa, kodwa kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba kulunge kugcwalisa ifomu. Ezi yemifuniselo kuqala ukulahlwa lentsimbi ezinye ukuphuculwa kunye notshintsho lifikelele imihla yethu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, wafumana indlela zokulungisa isinyithi ibe intsimbi. pieces Iron lolayisho kunye ngamalahle, kule nkqubo, intsimbi wambongoza, igcwala yenzekile ubumdaka, kuquka carbon. Le metal obubangela uba elingqingqwa, ubushushu intsimbi yokunyibilikisa banda, ngamanye Kwacaca ezenziwe ngentsimbi.

Ngaloo ndlela, metallurgists yexesha bakwazi ukwabelana inkqubo eyodwa ngezigaba ezibini. Le yinkqubo enezigaba ezibini kwi ingcamango wasinda kweli xesha, utshintsho imbonakalo inkxalabo ngakumbi iinkqubo ibakho sesibini isigaba. nentsimbi Pure okanye yesinyithi kokuba ukungcola isicelo ebonakalayo ephantsi cishe akukho. Ingongoma ukunyibilika yentsimbi kule nkqubela yesinyithi - carbon na indawo A, engqamana degrees 1535.

Iqondo intsimbi lwenzeka xa inqanaba degrees 3200.

Ekugqibeleni nentsimbi zangaphandle wambu i umboniso oxide, a mhlwa iphedi ibonakala kwindawo ifumile. Iron ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo kwaye namhlanje yenye iintsimbi eziphambili. Sebenzisa zesinyithi, ngokuyintloko ngohlobo aluminiyamu, ezahlukileyo kumafa kunye neepropati.

Ngeliphi lobushushu linyibilike intsimbi, kuxhomekeke isiqulatho carbon kunye namanye amacandelo nokwakheka ingxubevange. Le yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuba aluminiyamu carbon - yentsimbi nensimbi. Aluminiyamu equlathe ngaphezu kwe-2% carbon, ngokuba intsimbi, ngaphantsi kwe-2% nje ngentsimbi. Siphose intsimbi ifunyenwe amaziko nokuphalazeka kwelifu, ngokuthi remelting ekrwada aphuculweyo kwisityalo sinter.

Steel inyibilikiswa eziko, yaye amaziko zombane induction, converters.

Njengoko intlawulo isebenza ezilahliweyo kunye ihagu yentsimbi. Xa iinkqubo igcwala, ibhetshi isuswa kanye necarbon ezingcolisa, kunye nezongezelelo kuvumela izinto alloying ukufumana izinto ezinqwenelekayo kwibanga ngentsimbi. For steel kunye nezinye aluminium usebenzisa ubugcisa bale mihla yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ESR, lwepolitiki, umqadi electron kunye plasma yokunyibilikisa.

Xa Elungiselela ukuba iindlela ezintsha ngokunyityilikiswa ziintsimbi, obonelela matshini kwenkqubo kunye nokubonelela metal ekumgangatho ophezulu.

Uphuhliso Scientific bafikelele kwinqanaba apho ungafumana izixhobo eziza ukumelana zidle kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu, kujingajinga ubushushu, indawo silwe, imitha, njl