Imbali, iminyaka kunye nabantu ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Imephu yehlabathi BC

Imbali yeembali, njengoko iyaziwa, ihlukaniswe ngamaxesha amabini. Ekuqaleni, kwakukho ixesha abahlala ngalo babize iqonga ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Iphela ngokuqala konyaka wokuqala. Ngeli xesha, ixesha lethu liqalise, elide lisaqhubeka namhlanje. Kwaye nangona namhlanje, xa kuthiwa unyaka, abantu bathi "ne.", Noko kunjalo, oku kuchazwa.

Iikhalenda zokuqala

Inkqubo yokuziphendukela kwabantu yenze isidingo sokuyalela imihla kunye namaxesha. Umlimi wasendulo wayedinga ukwazi ngokuchanekileyo njengoko kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kulungele ukuhlwayela imbewu, kumntu otyunjwa ngamanqamzana - xa ehamba kwamanye amazwe ukuze abe nexesha lokubonelela ngemfuyo yakhe ngokutya.

Ngoko ke yaqala ukubonakala kwikhalenda yokuqala. Kwaye kwakusekelwe ekuqwalaselweni kwezinto eziphezulu nezendalo. Izizwana ezahlukahlukeneyo nazo zazinama calendari zangexeshana ezahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, amaRoma aqhuba ukulandelana kwazo ukususela ngomhla wokusungulwa kweRoma - ukususela ngo-753 BC, ngeli xesha amaYiputa - ukusuka kwimizuzu yokuqala yokulawula kwimihla ngemihla yamaharahara. Iikhalenda zaso zakha ezininzi iinkolo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Islam, iqela elitsha liqala ngomnyaka xa uMprofeti uMuhammad wazalwa.

Iikhalenda zeJulian kunye neGregorian

Ngo-45 BC, uGaius Julius Caesar wasungula ikhalenda yakhe. Kulo nyaka uqale ukususela ngowokuqala kukaJanuwari waza wahlala iinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini. Le khalenda yayibizwa ngokuba nguYulian.

Lowo esisisebenzisayo namhlanje waziswa ngo-1582 nguPapa uGregory weshumi elinesibini. Wakwazi ukuphelisa ezinye izinto ezingalunganga, eziqokelelwa kwiBhunga lokuqala lama-Ecumenical. Ngaloo xesha, bebonke iintsuku ezilishumi. Ukwahluke phakathi kweekhalenda zikaJulian kunye neGregori kwanda malunga nomhla kwiinkulungwane nganye, kwaye namhlanje sele isele iintsuku ezilishumi elinesithathu.

Kwimbali, ukulandelana kwexesha kubambe indima enkulu. Emva kwakho konke, kubalulekile ukucingela ngeliphi ixesha ixesha elibalulekileyo elenzekayo ebomini babantu, nokuba kwakungokudalwa kwezixhobo zokuqala zabasebenzi okanye ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yeminyaka Elikhulu. Bathi ibali ngaphandle kwemihla libukeka njengeemathematika ngaphandle kwamanani.

Ifomu yezenkolo yexesha

Ukususela ekuqalekeni kwexesha lethu kubalwa ukusuka kunyaka ocingelwa ukuba ngumhla wokuzalwa kukaYesu, kwinguqulelo yenkolo ifowuni ehambelana nayo isetyenziswa rhoqo: ukususela kuKuzalwa kukaKristu kuze kube kuye. Kuze kube ngoku, akukho ncukacha echanileyo yembali malunga nokuba ubomi buvelaphi kwiplanethi yethu. Kwaye kuphela ngokusekelwe kwizinto zobugcisa nezembali, izazinzulu ziyakwazi ukufumana izigqibo malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni into malunga nale nto okanye loo mcimbi. Kule meko, iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba ixesha lethu liboniswe ngokulandelana kwexesha.

Zero ngonyaka

Ukukhankanywa kwecandelo phakathi kwexesha langaphambili nangemva kokuba uKristu ehambelana nokubala kwirekhodi yeenkwenkwezi ezenziwe ngokuhambelana nenani leenombolo kwi-axxes. Unyaka wonyaka awuvunyelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiinkcukacha zonqulo okanye zelizwe. Kodwa kuqhelekileyo ekurekhodweni kweenkwenkwezi kunye nakwi-ISO 8601 - umgangatho wehlabathi jikelele okhutshwe yintlangano enjenge-International Organization for Standardization. Ichaza ifomathi yemihla namaxesha, kwaye inikeza iingcomo zesicelo sayo kumxholo wamazwe ngamazwe.

Countdown

Ingcamango ye "BC" isasazeka kwixesha elilandelelweyo emva kokusetyenziswa kwayo yiBeste ehloniphekileyo - i-monk Benedictine. Wabhala ngaye ngenye yeendlela zakhe. Kwaye ukususela ngo-731 ukubalwa kwexesha kwahlulwa ngamaxesha amabini: ngaphambi nangemva kwexesha lethu. Kancinci, phantse onke amazwe aseNtshona Yurophu aqala ukuya kule khalenda. Oku kutshanje kwale ndawo yiPortugal. Kwenzeke ngo-Agasti 22, 1422. Kude ngoJanuwari 1, 1700, iRashiya isebenzisa ukubala kwexesha lexesha laseConstantinople. Kuba iqalo lokuqala kulo lathatyathwa yinkqubo yamaKristu "ekudalweni kwehlabathi." Ngokubanzi, entliziyweni yeefra ezininzi zafakwa ubudlelwane phakathi "kweentsuku zokudalwa kwehlabathi" kunye nobude balo bukho. Kwaze kwakhiwa iKonstantinople kwiConstance, kwaye ukulandelana kwemali kubalwa ukususela ngowokuqala kukaSeptemba 5509 BC. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni lo mlawuli wayengekho "umKristu olandelelanayo", igama lakhe, kunye nexesha elifanayo, ukubala kwexesha lakhe, kubhekiswa ngokukhawuleza.

Iziganeko zokuqala kunye nezembali

Imbali yimbali yexesha elidlulileyo kunye nelimbali. Umqala wabo uqala ngokubonakala komntu wokuqala, kwaye uphela xa kubonakala ukubhala. Ixesha eliphambili lonyaka lihlukaniswe ngamaxesha amaninzi. Isiseko sokwahlula kwabo kukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala. Ezi zinto, apho abantu ngaphambi kwexesha lethu bevelise izixhobo zabasebenzi, ixesha apho basebenzisa khona, baqulunqa isiseko sokubuyisela ixesha kuphela, kodwa namagama amabakala exesha lokuqala.

Ixesha lembali liqulethwe ngamaxesha e-Antiquity kunye nama-Middle Ages, kunye neNew ne-New Times. Kwamazwe ahlukeneyo afika ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ngoko izazinzulu azikwazi ukugqiba ixesha elifanelekileyo.

Ukuqala kwexesha lethu

Kuqhelekileyo ukwazi ukuba ixesha elitsha ekuqaleni kwalingabalwa njengeminyaka eqhubekayo yeminyaka, umzekelo, ukususela kunyaka wokuqala ukuya kuthi, okwangoku. Ukulandelana kwexesha lakhe kwaqala kamva, ngomhla wokuzalwa kukaKristu. Kukholelwa ukuba owokuqala ukubala kwakuyi-monk waseRoma ogama linguDionysius Omncinane kwinkulungwane yesithandathu, oko kukuthi, ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu emva komhla wesiganeko. Ukuze ufumane umphumo, uDionysius waqala ukubala umhla wovuko lukaKristu, esekelwe kwinto yesonto ukuba uNyana kaThixo wabethelelwe emnqamlezweni ngomnyaka wamashumi amathathu nanye wobomi bakhe.

Umhla wovuko lwakhe, ngokwemonki yaseRoma, ngo-Matshi 25, 5539, ngokwekhalenda "evela kuAdam", kwaye unyaka woKuzalwa kukaKristu, ngoko, waba ngu-5508 ngexesha laseByzantium. Ndimele ndithi ukubalwa kukaDionysius ukuya kwekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu kwaphakamisa ukungabaza eNtshona. EByzantium ngokwayo, babengakaze baqaphele njengemigangatho ye-canonical.

Imbali yeBBC

Ukususela kwi-7 ukuya kweyesithathu yeminyaka eyi-BC kwimhlaba kwakuyixesha le-Neolithic - ixesha lokutshintshela ixabiso loqoqosho, oko kukuthi ukuzingela nokuqokelela, ukuvelisa ukulima nokuvelisa imfuyo. Ngeli xesha ukuluka, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamatye kunye nobumbi kubonakala.

Ukuphela kwesine kuyisiqalo se-millennium yokuqala BC: i-Bronze Age ibusa emhlabeni. Ukusasazeka kwezixhobo zetsimbi kunye nebhedu, kukho i-cattlemen engamaqhina. Ubudala bebhedu buyatshintshwa yi-Iron Age . Ngeli xesha, iYiputa yalawulwa yiminyaka yobudala neyesibini, eyabambene ilizwe libe lizwe elilodwa .

Kwiminyaka 2850-2450 BC. E. Ukunyuka koqoqosho kwempucuko yaseSumeriya yaqala. Ukususela kuma-2800 ukuya ku-1100th, i-Aegean, okanye inkcubeko yeGrisi yamandulo, ivela. Phantse ngexesha elifanayo, i-Indus impucuko yazalwa kwisiqithi sase-Indus, kwaye ukugqwesa kokuphakamileyo kobukumkani baseTroy kwagcinwa.

Malunga no-1190 BC. E. Amandla angamaHeti anamandla. Phantse emashumi mane emva koko, ukumkani wakwa-Elamiti wabamba iBhabhiloni, kwaye kwafika ukugqithisa kwamandla akhe.

Ngo-1126-1105 iminyaka BC. E. Waba ngukumkani waseBhabhiloni uNebhukadenetsare. Kwi-331-m eCaucasus yakha urhulumente wokuqala. Ngo-327 BC. E. Kwabanjelwa inkampani yaseNdiya yeAlexandro Omkhulu. Ngeli xesha, kwakukho imicimbi eninzi, kuquka ukunyuka kwamakhoboka eSicily, imfazwe ehlangeneyo, iimfazwe zeMithridates, umkhondo kaMarko Antony ukuya kumaParthi, ukubusa kuka-Emperor Augustus.

Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, phakathi kweminyaka yesibhozo nesine ngaphambi kokuba uKristu Kristu azalwe.

Ixesha elitsha

Kubantu abahlukeneyo, umxholo wexesha lexesha uhlala uhlukile. Umbuso ngamnye uphendululwe le ngxaki ngokuzimeleyo, ngelixa ukhokelwa ziinjongo zombini nezopolitiko. Kwaye kuphela ngekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo yonke i-Christian ithi ichaza enye into ebhekiselelwe kuyo, esasetyenziswa namhlanje phantsi kwegama elithi "ixesha lethu". Ikhalenda yeMaya yamandulo, ngexesha laseByzantine, ikhalenda yesiHebhere, isiTshayina-bonke babenomhla wabo wokudala umhlaba.

Ngokomzekelo, ikhalenda yaseJapan yaqala ngo-660 BC kwaye yahlaziywa emva kokufa komlawuli. Ixesha lamaBuddha liza kungena ngonyaka ka-2484, kunye nekhalenda yesiHindi ngo-2080. Ama-Aztec avuselela ngokulandelana kwazo ngexesha eli-1454, emva kokufa nokuzalwa kwakhona kweLanga. Ngoko ke, ukuba impucuko yabo ayizange ibhubhise, kuba namhlanje namhlanje bekuza kuba ngama-546 kuphela kwixesha elitsha ...

Imephu yehlabathi yasendulo

Abahambi be-BC banomdla kwihlabathi kwaye baqulunqa imidwebo yeendlela zabo. Bawadlulisela emthini womthi, isanti okanye ipapyrus. Imephu yokuqala yehlabathi ibonakala ngaphezu kweminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kwexesha elitsha. Kwakuyimifanekiso yokuguba eyaba yinto yemifanekiso yokuqala. Ngelixa abantu bebehlola umhlaba, babenomdla kakhulu kwiimephu zamandulo zeeras zakudala. Ezinye zazo zimelela iplanethi yethu njengesiqithi esikhulu esihlanjululwe ulwandle, abanye banokubona iiveli zelizwekazi.

Imephu yaseBhabhiloni

Ikhadi lokuqala, elidalwa ngaphambi kwexesha lethu, yayiyifumba encane yobumba efumaneka eMesopotamia. Liya kuphuma ekupheleni kweyesibhozo-ukuqala kwekhulu lesixhenxe kwimihla yethu kwaye nguyena kuphela owasifumana kwiBhabhiloni. Umhlaba ujikelezwe ngamanzi abizwa ngokuthi "amanzi esetyuwa". Ngaphandle kwamanzi ayinqwelathu, okucacileyo, ibonisa iintaba zamazwe akude.

Le mephu ibonisa isimo sase-Urartu (iArmenia yangoku), i-Asiriya (i-Iraq), i-Elam (i-Iran) kunye neBhabhiloni ngokwayo, phakathi kweYufrate.

Imephu yeEratosthenes

Kwaye amaGrike asendulo amele uMhlaba njengommandla kwaye wancoma ngokucacileyo oku. Ngokomzekelo, uPythagoras wathi yonke into iyahambelana nemvelo, kwaye ifom epheleleyo kakhulu yimihlaba yindlela iplanethi yethu ikhona ngayo. Imephu yokuqala, ehlanganiswe nomfanekiso womhlaba, ingu-Eratosthenes. Wahlala ekhulwini lesithathu BC eKrene. Kukholelwa ukuba le nzu lulwazi, eyayihamba kwiThala lee-Aleksandria, yafika ngegama elithi "geography." Nguye lowo, okokuqala ngethuba langaphambi kwexesha lethu, wahlula ihlabathi ukuba lifanane kunye neemeridi kwaye wababiza ngokuthi "uhambahamba" okanye "imini". Ihlabathi le-Eratosthenes lalingesiqithi esinye esasihlambulwa nguMntla ukusuka phezulu kunye ne-Atlantic Ocean ukusuka ngaphantsi. Wahlula eYurophu, eAriana naseArabia, eIndiya neScythia. Emazantsi yayinguTaprobe - iCeylon yangoku.

Ngelo xesha, kubonakala ku-Eratosthenes ukuba kwakukho "iipropsi" kwenye indawo, eyayingenakwenzeka ukufikelela. Emva koko, abantu ngoko, kuquka amaGrike asendulo, bacinga ukuba i-equator iyashisa kangangokuba ulwandle lubilise apho, kwaye zonke izinto eziphilayo zitshiswa. Kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo, izibonda zibanda kakhulu, kwaye akukho mntu uhlala khona.

Imephu yePtolemy

Kwimizuzu emininzi imephu ephambili ibhekwa njengenye imephu yehlabathi. Kwaqulunqwa ngumphengululi waseGrike uClaudius Ptolemy. Yadalwa malunga nekhulu elinamanci mahlanu ngaphambi koKrestu, yayiyinxalenye yevolumu yesibhozo "Isikhokelo seJografi."

E-Ptolemy Asia yayihlala kwindawo ukusuka kwiNorth Pole ukuya kwi-equator, ukufuduka kwePacific, ngelixa i-Afrika ihamba ngokungahambisani ne-terra incognita, ehlala kwi-South Pole yonke. Ngasenyakatho yeScythiya kwakuyi-mythical Hyperborea, kwaye akukho nto yathethwa ngoMelika okanye e-Australia. Kwabulela kule mephu uColumbus waqala ukuya eIndiya, ngelixa ehamba ngasentshonalanga. Kwaye emva kokufumanisa kweMelika, baqhubeka besebenzisa imephu esuka ePtolemy ixesha elithile.