Inkosi yaseBhabhiloni uHammurabi kunye nemithetho yakhe. Ngubani wasivuna imithetho uKumkani uHammurabi?

Inkqubo yomthetho zehlabathi lamandulo - lo ngumcimbi onobuzaza kakhulu yaye multi-amaninzi. Kwelinye icala, kungenzeka ukuba abulawe ukuba "ngaphandle kwetyala", kodwa kwi enye - eninzi imithetho ezazikho ngelo xesha, zange kwisampulu wamhle kwabo bangazange baze baluphumeze yemihlaba ithi ezininzi mihla. UKumkani uHammurabi, owayelawula eBhabhiloni mandulo - umzekelo omhle kule nsimbi. Okunye ngqo, hayi ngokwakhe, kodwa loo mithetho baye bamkelwa ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe.

Xa kwafumaniseka?

Kule minyaka 1901-1902 kwiphulo yenzululwazi French wenziwe ukumba e eSusa. Ekuhambeni ezi zifundo oosonzululwazi ndifumene twisiseka emnyama BAS-isiqabu, umphezulu ogama wambu nabalinganiswa ngoonobumba. Mhlawumbi, le post yabonakala kwisixeko emva 1160 BC. e., xa Elam (abantu abahlala sixeko saseSusa) yanqoba, abahluthiweyo imimandla ezininzi ngaphambili ekule ngakumaBhabheli. Ngoku lo zakudala zenani igcinwe French Louvre. Yena immortalized baseBhabhiloni ukumkani kaHammurabi kunye nemithetho yakhe.

imvelaphi

EBhabhiloni - enye ithi ezindala kwimbali ihlabathi lethu. Xa kwimithetho yayo intsimi isenzo ipasisiwe Sumerians amandulo, kodwa ixesha elithile kucaca ukuba kakuhle ngaphandle umhla kwaye musa neemeko ezikhoyo ngoku. Ayimangalisi loo nto, kuba lo mthetho wavunywa ebudeni bexesha yesiThathu Dynasty eUre!

Sumulailu, iselithwasile nenyanga yesibini ukumkani ubukhosi yokuqala yaseBhabhiloni, waqala ukwenza utshintsho umthetho karhulumente. UKumkani uHammurabi waqhubeka nomsebenzi komanduleli wakhe. Hlela yokuba ukususela 1792 ukuya 1750. BC. e.

Kuphantsi kwaziphi iimeko apho eli umlawuli omtsha isethi entsha imithetho?

Njengoninzi nabalawuli bexesha lakhe, wayezama ukufumana inkqubo lwentlalo, nto leyo esele likhona kweli lizwe. Okunye ncam, amandla aphakathi slaveholders enkulu. Ngokucacileyo, ukumkani omtsha wanika ukubaluleka kwakhe komthetho enkulu, ukusukela waqalisa lo msebenzi ngemihla wokuqala wobukumkani bakhe. Ngelishwa, asiyazi ncam into ukumkani kaHammurabi wabhala kwasekuqaleni: zonke iikhowudi yomthetho esikhutshwe bexoxa kwixesha kamva wobukumkani bakhe. Zonke iinguqulelo ngaphambili ilahlekile.

Ekunene okunikwa yi oothixo

Imithetho ebekrolwe kumhlathi elikhulu abangelwe emnyama. Kwi inxalenye oluphezulu yabucala kubonisiwe ukumkani emi phambi uthixo nguShamash kwelanga, nto leyo iinkolelo iBhabhiloni yaba nempahla umxhasi. Phantsi kwale bas-ukukhululeka okubhaliweyo oqingqiweyo imithetho ngokwabo. Zonke okubhaliweyo uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu ubhalo.

UKumkani uHammurabi wakholwa ukuba imithetho yakhe anyanisekile kwaye womelele, ukuba itrone wanikwa kuye oothixo ulawulo ilungisa, ngoko kuye nakwinzala yakhe owomeleleyo akazange abe nobuganga bacinezele ngokuncipha. By the ukuthetha ngendlela, ezi meko ngokwenene noMlawuli wazama ukwenza ngokupheleleyo.

Oku kulandelwa uluhlu olude eneenkcukacha iinzuzo nembeko ukumkani umzi kwilizwe labo. Hi ndlela leyi, lowo wasivuna imithetho uKumkani uHammurabi? Impendulo yalo mbuzo kunikwa kuphela emva kokufunda uluhlu lwemithetho nemimiselo. Eli nqaku lichaza zonke iinkalo ezibalulekileyo.

la emzini

Phakathi imizi ingakumbi wabalaselisa Lars kunye Marie, uAshur, iNineve. Ngenxa yoko, ababhali-mbali aqinisekile ngokupheleleyo ukuba kanye umqulu wamiswa emva uloyiso okuqaqambileyo phezu Rimsinom. Ngeli xesha, impembelelo waseBhabheli, ngokufanayo, yaye ngokuxhomekeke abaninzi sezixeko, wakukhankanya apho zifumaneka umzimba okubhaliweyo imithetho. Kungenzeka, iikopi 'elincinane "zoxwebhu ukuba zonke iidolophu zincinane ubukumkani, kodwa ngeke sazi ngaloo nto.

Isibakala sokuba ibali uKumkani uHammurabi isixelela kakhulu angcono yaye lazola lakhe lizwe, xa iintshaba bangaphandle aba buthathaka kakhulu. Emva koko, xa ixesha wokuhla, bakwazi ukufaka aphange eBhabheli. Akukho nto ayimangalisi kukuba boyisa na imikhosi kakhulu ngamatye ubudala aseleyo konegunya lokugqibela.

ingxenye esele

Emva kwintshayelelo elityeni ziye zaba nemikrolo imithetho amaninzi, kwaye iphela nge "uxwebhu" kumba kakhulu kunye noluvo eneenkcukacha. Ngokubanzi, i lesikhumbuzo ngokwayo ugcinwe kakuhle kakhulu, kodwa kwicala ngaphambili, kukho iindawo apho okubhaliweyo itshabalele. Kungenzeka, oku kwenziwa ngokuyalelwa ukumkani wakwaEdom, owaphumelela ummandla kweBhabhiloni langoku yena, wawuxhokonxa umzimba umthetho eShushan wayo. Yiyiphi imithetho uKumkani uHammurabi ekuthethwa ngazo apha kwisiza amanqaku kutshatyalaliswa?

Abembi bezinto zakudala iinjineli uqhuba isifundo multistage lufumanise ukuba nje 35 bawuphose umhlaba abawuphalileyo amanqaku (izifundo ezingama-282). Noko ke, musani ukuyixhalela: namhlanje ulwazi ezahlukeneyo kwamathala yamandulo, ukuze ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi zingaqinisekisa kanye oko kutshiwoyo emthethweni zingacimeka.

Uluhlu short imithetho

Ngoko, kwi manqaku zokuqala ezintlanu ukumkani umisela ulawulo jikelele kuzo zonke iingxoxo kwinkundla yaseBhabhiloni. Kumaxwebhu Isuka 6 ukuya 25 ingqalelo ezi ngongoma zilandelayo:

• Amanqaku 6-13 ubonise umfundi indlela yokubona yesela, njengoko kufuneka bohlwaywe ngokweba. Le mithetho kakhulu kakhulu: ukuthenga nganye kufuneka ubungqina. Ukuba akukho namnye, umthengi lunokwamkeleka ulisela abulawe.
• Amaxwebhu 14 ukuya 20 zithathwa iziganeko zobusela abantwana kunye ukufukama amakhoboka azimelayo. Imithetho ukulungiselela sisohlwayo la matyala, kwakunye nebhaso kunikezelo ezimele okanye bamba ikhoboka basindileyo inkosi.
• Amanqaku 21-25 iinkcukacha kwakhona kugxininisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo inkunzi kunye namanye amatyala mali engagunyaziswanga ipropati yomnye umntu.

Imiba lokuqesha umhlaba

Kwenye inxalenye ikhowudi yakhe imithetho yokumkani waseBhabhiloni kaHammurabi uhlola kakhulu ngokweenkcukacha imiba emininzi ukusetyenziswa komhlaba. Yiloo ukuba oko ikuthethayo:

• Amanqaku 26-41 elubala amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi kwiklasi wamajoni, kodwa inkoliso ingqalelo kumaxwebhu kunikwa udaba lwegunya komhlaba.
• La maxwebhu wababala 42 ukuya 47 libhekisela amalungelo kunye neemfanelo zabo njengabemi bekwi yerenti komhlaba, ezikarhulumente imvelaphi zabucala. Amalungiselelo luma zabo. Ngoko ke, ukuba umntu urenta ngumhlaba otyebileyo, ngoko nto kuwo, yaye ungazange (intsimi sungula, wenza overgrowing sabo), kufuneka ukunikeza urhulumente okanye mboleki ukuba sithembele nemali yengqolowa.
• Amanqaku ngamanani 48-52 ukunqanda inzala kwaye ubonise ngoko ipesenti isityalo okanye imveliso unelungelo lokuba umbolekisi (ngokuxhomekeke ubonelelo ngeenkonzo zebhanki kubo). Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yale wokulawula uKumkani uHammurabi yabalasela ukwanda kwingeniso yerhafu, kodwa ntle izifundo zakhe zakhula, abakwazanga ndingangi rob ifike.
• Amaxwebhu ku ezahlukene 53 ukuya 56 ingabizwa "lokusingqongileyo", ekubeni ukumisela uxanduva abantu ngokungakhathali ngayo yenethiwekhi yokunkcenkceshela. Ngokukodwa, ukuba edamini akwenza, ngenxa apho amanzi yakuhlamba ingqolowa le yenzeke ngenxa yokungakhathali umnini, ngoko ke unyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule umonakalo kuyo onke amaxhoba ezipokothweni zabo.
• Amanqaku 57-58 nokuxoxwa kwezinye iinkcukacha ezo izohlwayo ukuba ekungenwe kuzo abanini mfuyo, ukuba isigqibo ndiwulahle of ehlwayelweyo ngaye, yaye iziqhamo yawo.
• Amanqaku 59-66 uyafana ithi abanini ngeegadi, ngamalungelo abo, kwakunye ukuthetha malunga namalungelo isivuno egciniswe ukuba bacele imali kumnini-mhlaba.

Ummiselo kwisigaba lwentlalo

Yonke eminye imithetho kubizwa ngokuba "ekuhlaleni", njengoko imibuzo lokusetyenziswa komhlaba abayi zithathelwa ingqalelo, kodwa abachaphazelekayo iingxaki uluntu, kwaye kwisicatshulwa imithetho, sinokufunda lukhulu malunga nezithethe ixesha. Ngoko ke, naba:

• Amanqaku 100-107 intetho malunga namalungelo kunye noxanduva nabarhwebi (tamkarov), kwakunye uchaze naziphi na abancedisi babo.
• La maxwebhu babalwayo 108-111 uyazibhijabhija umsebenzi ngqongqo ezilawulwayo (zokutyela) ukuba zombini izindlu zoluntu.
• Ngoko nangoko Amanqaku 14 (№№ 112-126) zicwangciswe bucala ingqalelo umthetho kwamatyala, kuquka iimeko kuxoxwe kwintsapho onetyala, kunye nokugcinwa impahla yakhe, nto leyo kuthathwa njengesibambiso.
• Akukho mfuneko ukukholelwa ukuba amandla kakumkani kaHammurabi isebenza kuphela ukuba iinkalo zoshishino kuluntu. Ngenxa yoko, kule mithetho ukusuka 127 ukuya-195 kuchazwa ilungelo elikhulu iinkcukacha usapho.
• Amanqaku 196-225 umlawuli useka izohlwayo kwaye sichaza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo isohlwayo ukuba sele isicelo ngokuphathelele abantu, nto leyo ethotyiwe ngabom ukubetha omnye umntu.
• Amaxwebhu 226 no 227 wachaza ukungavumeleki ukutshatyalaliswa ngabom uphawu amakhoboka.
• Bezakhiwo kunye iinjineli ziye zafumana abaziinkunkqele imithetho ezahlukeneyo ababalwayo 235 ukuya 228.
• Neminye imithetho ezijongwa njengenxalenye kwimiba yengqesho, ngaxeshanye ukubamba njengamakhoboka. Kuba ummiselo osemthethweni yabasebenzi abasebenzi yomvuzo abaqeshwe neSiqendu 236 ka 277. Ngoko, xa amaphepha Code of Laws wakhankanya ngokungqalileyo loo mvuzo uphantsi yokuqesha abasebenzi abanobugcisa. Amanqaku ukusuka 278 ukuya-282 ixubusha ngqo imiba lobukhoboka. Bathi ukuba ikhoboka akanako nje ukumbulala, ukuba ukufa khoboka omnye umntu kufuneka sibuyekeze umntu ezandleni ogama nto.

ezinye izigqibo

Ngoko ke, ngubani wasivuna imithetho uKumkani uHammurabi? Ukuba ujonga uluhlu olushwankathelweyo kubo, umfanekiso Kuyinto eqhelekileyo: kukho amanyathelo emininzi kunye nemigaqo ukukhusela ipropati yabucala kuphela, kodwa kubomi babantu kunye nempilo; imilinganiselo ngokusemthethweni imisebenzi egciniswe, abo ngaphaya ngabo bangadyobhekanga banelungelo phantsi ukoyika, ukuba akuyi kufa, koko izohlwayo ezingqongqo kwabo uqinisekise.

Kuba ihlabathi yamandulo ngokwenene imeko eyahluke xa uthathe intombazana umfazi kwenzeka kuphela emva kokufumana imvume yabo, kwakunye nokukhusela "isivumelwano umtshato" phambi kwamangqina ngencwadi ebhaliweyo. Kungenjalo umtshato iqatshelwa mthethweni. Ukongeza, lo mthetho inika umntu umsebenzi, owazeka umfazi wakhe abe ngumhlolokazi kunye nabantwana, aba bantwana ezondliwa ngumhlaba, londla, lwambesa izicathulo. Kwakhona, ukuba loo ophezulu ezikumgangatho ngokupheleleyo kwemigangatho ebekiweyo akukho ekho- bamandulo, singasathethi ke ngamaxesha amandulo ngakumbi.

Meaning of imithetho

UKumkani uHammurabi wayekholelwa ukuba imithetho yayo iya kuzisa uxolo nokuchuma kurhulumente, yaye ukhwankqe kunene. Umzekelo, uthintela ngokungqongqo intlebendwane ngokungenabulungisa kunye okulahla ukuba umntu uthi umntu unetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kwafuneka ukungqina oko izibakala. Kungenjalo, oko kubulawa. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ulidle ilifa impahla yommelwane wakhe, nje ukubulala ikhoboka ukumosha into yomnye umntu. Uninzi izibonelelo imithetho ixesha ngandlela yaba yinxalenye umthetho waseRoma, olusekelwe phezu norm osemthethweni phantse onke amazwe asentshona kwilizwe lethu.

Ngoko ke irhuluneli oku immortalized ngokwenene igama lakhe kwizigaba, njengokuba kwaba mhlawumbi mthetho yokuqala, ngubani ngokwenene ekhathalele ntle yabantu bayo bonke, malunga ubulungisa kunye nokuphendula ngamnye amalungu oluntu, nokuba yindoda simahla okanye likhoboka. Ngokufutshane, ibali baseBhabhiloni ukumkani kaHammurabi kwangqina ukuba nkqu kwihlabathi yakudala urhulumente apho eneneni bahloniphe amalungelo oluntu, yaye apho komthetho ibinzana engenanto.

Umthetho - urhulumente iqhosha

Ukongezelela, imithetho ekhusela kuphela umlawuli slaveholders ezinkulu kunye nabanini, kodwa abemi abaqhelekileyo. Babengenako rob, ukubulala, kuzo izinto ezonakalisa, nibazekele abafazi ngokwabo. Abantu sizive sinqabisekile, kodwa ngenxa yokuba igunya lokumkani phezulu kakhulu. Ukumkani yaseBhabhiloni uHammurabi kunye nemithetho yakhe baye babonisa ukuba ukulawulwa imiba yomthetho nga qinisa isisekelo sikarhulumente ibe lecebo ngokwenene.

isiphelo

Akumangalisi ke, iBhabhiloni zebhola walo urhulumente osisityebi nonamandla. Iintshaba Sakwazi ukuzoyisa oko kuphela oliqhophololo kunye nesiphelo zobumbano ezininzi emkhosini. ngokwenene kaHammurabi wenza kakhulu kwilizwe lakhe, negalelo impumelelo yayo kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo. Kumzekelo wakhe, yaye kwixesha elizayo we guided abalawuli ezininzi phambili, abo kuba ekomelezeni amagunya akhe. Le ukumkani wokuqala ukungqina ukuba urhulumente akakwazi kususela kuphela ugonyamelo, kodwa ukugcinwa ngokungqongqo kwimithetho, ezibe efanayo kubo bonke.