Inkqubo eHelsinki. Helsinki Izivumelwano

Ngo-Oktobha 1964, eSoviet Union watshintsha ulawulo yayo. uyaphule Umanyano kweminquba yali ke, ulwalamano phakathi eMpuma naseNtshona zaye kakhulu bumuncu ngenxa yeentlekele imizili Cuba. Ukongeza, ingxaki yaseJamani wahlala engekasonjululwa, leyo ukhathazeke kakhulu malunga kubunkokheli be-USSR. Kwezi meko, imbali entsha karhulumente eSoviet. Izigqibo esamkelwa kwiNdibano XXIII Congress of the CPSU ngo-1966, ukuqinisekisile bomda nkqubo kukuzimela kakhulu kwamanye amazwe. Peaceful co-ubukho kule obekho ngokuxhomekeke intsingiselo ngokomgangatho eyahlukileyo ukomeleza kolawulo yali, ukomelezwa yamanyama phakathi kombutho wenkululeko yesizwe kunye sabasebenzi.

Ukuntsonkotha meko

Ukubuyiselwa ulawulo ngokupheleleyo eminqubeni yali wawunzima nokungazinzi kunye China kunye Cuba. Iingxaki beza iziganeko eCzechoslovakia. NgoJuni 1967 apho nxamnye ubunkokheli beqela ekuhleni Writers Congress. Waza waqala elikhulu zogwayimbo lwabafundi kunye nemiboniso. Ngenxa yoko, yona inzuzo eliphikisayo Novotny Dubcek kwafuneka bayeke ubunkokheli beqela ngo 1968. Ibhodi entsha ligqibe ekubeni lenze uthotho iinguqulelo. Ngokukodwa, oko yasekwa inkululeko yokuthetha, iKomiti HR wavuma ukubamba iinkokheli kunyulo kukhuphiswano. Nangona kunjalo, le meko isonjululwe ukuhlaselwa 5 States Amaqela Warsaw Pact. Nyanzela imincili zange baphumelele ngoko nangoko. Oku banyanzelisa iinkokheli eSoviet ukususa Dubcek kunye nabo, ngokubeka intloko zeqela Husak. Ngoko wabiza uphunyeziwe kulo mzekelo yeCzechoslovakia imfundiso Brezhnev Umgaqo "ulongamo alinganiselwe". Nokupheliswa nakwiinguqulelo nokuphuculwa lizwe wayeka iminyaka engama-20 ubuncinane. Ngowe-1970, imeko inzima kwaye ePoland. Iingxaki olunxulunyaniswa ukwanda kwamaxabiso, kwabangela uphakamo omkhulu lwabasebenzi kumazibuko lweBaltic. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, le meko iye ingabi ngcono, ugwayimbo waqhubeka. Inkokeli yombhodamo yaba zemanyano zabasebenzi "solidarity", eyayikhokelwa Lech Walesa. Ubunkokheli eSoviet akazange nabuganga ukuthumela amajoni, kwaye i "ukuzinza" le meko uyiphathisiweyo sofuzo. Jaruzelski. NgoDisemba 13, 1981, yena wabeka nomthetho wemitshato ePoland.

detente

Ekuqaleni nenani-70. ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-Mpuma kunye West ziye litshintshile kakhulu. Luke baqala ukuba buthathaka. Ubukhulu becala oku kubangelwa ukuphumeza zixatyiswe emkhosini phakathi USSR kunye US, eMpuma West. Kwinqanaba lamiswa intsebenziswano abanomdla phakathi eSoviet Union kunye neFransi, kwaye emva koko - evela eJamani. Ekuveleni nenani-60-70. ubunkokheli eSoviet baqala ukuphumeza ngokubonakalyo umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha amazwe. amalungiselelo ayo eziphambili ebhalwe kwiNkqubo Uxolo, leyo eyaye yamkelwa XXIV Congress of the Party. Ingongoma ibalulekileyo kufuneka kwaziwe ukuba azazi West okanye USSR akazange avume phantsi kwalo mgaqo-nkqubo we iingalo uhlanga. Ngaloo ndlela yonke Inkqubo efumaneke isakhelo ephucukile. Imbali yakutshanje ubudlelane phakathi West kunye Mpuma yaqala nokwandiswa ebonakalayo iindawo zentsebenziswano, ubukhulu becala eSoviet-American. Ukongeza, yentsebenziswano phakathi USSR kunye Federal Republic of Germany kunye neFransi. Yokugqibela ngo-1966 bayishiya NATO, nto leyo intsebenziswano ngokwenene esebenzayo.

ingxaki German

Kuba imvume USSR wayenethemba ukufumana uncedo evela umlamleli eFransi. Noko ke, loo nto ayizange kufuneka, njengoko yingqonyela waba Social Democrat Willy Brandt. Eli-nkqubo wakhe kukuba ngokudibana eJamani akusekho wenza njengemfuneko ephambili oko kwasekwayo unxulumano phakathi eMpuma West. It lahlehliselwa kwixesha elizayo njenge njongo iphambili thethwano olumacala. Ngenxa oku yatyikitywa iSivumelwano Moscow Agasti 12, 1970 Ngokutsho kuye, amaqela lathembisa ukuba ukuhlonipha isidima onke amazwe aseYurophu njengenxalenye emideni yabo de facto. EJamani, ingakumbi, wabona imida yasentshona Poland. Kwaye komgca GDR. Inyathelo elibalulekileyo yaba wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano quadripartite ukuwa-1971 kwi-West. EBerlin. Esi sivumelwano siqinisekisa zidala le amabango zezopolitiko ndawo kuye yi-Federal Republic of Germany. Yaba uloyiso elililo waseUSSR, njengoko zonke iimeko apho eSoviet Union wathi ukususela 1945

Uvavanyo isikhundla waseMerika

Kuyinto izinto kakuhle ukuba iinkokheli eSoviet ukomeleza uluvo ukuba kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele yaba utshintsho olukhulu intsalela imikhosi wakhetha eSoviet Union. Kunye States yali. Indawo of America kunye awodwa impiriyali kuvavanywa yi eMoscow njenge "buthathaka". Le ukuzithemba zisekelwe kwizinto ezininzi. Le meko engundoqo amandla okuqhubekayo omzabalazo wenkululeko yesizwe, yaye ukufikelela ukulingana ngobuchule kunye eUnited States ngowe-1969 kwinani zikhali. Ngokungqinelana noku, umthamo lweendidi yezixhobo kunye nokuphuculwa zabo, ngokutsho ingqiqo yeenkokeli Soviet, waba yinxalenye yomzabalazo uxolo.

SALT SALT 1 no-2

Imfuneko ukufikelela ukulingana wabanika imiba ezinezihloko kwi amabini iingalo komlinganiselo, imijukujelwa ingakumbi enjalo weave. Kubaluleke kakhulu kule nkqubo utyelelo Nixon iSivumelwano Interim esayinwe eMoscow entwasahlobo ka 1972 ngo May 26 ekuchazeni amanyathelo uxhobile malunga ezingalweni qhinga. Esi sivumelwano kuthiwa SALT-1. Wavalelwa iminyaka emi-5. Isivumelwano yanciphisa inani mijukujelwa enjalo ballistic eUnited States eSoviet Union, Sanduluka ii nkwili. imigangatho eyamkelekileyo ngokuba yiSoviet Union ebengaphezulu ukususela baseMelika izixhobo, ephethe warhead kunye izinto ezininzi. Kunye nale mali kwentlawulo ngokwayo na ekhankanywe kwimvumelwano. Oku kwenza kube lula, ngaphandle yokuhlutha sivumelwano, ukuba bafumane inzuzo ngomoya omnye kule ndawo. SALT-1, kangangokuba akazange ayeke iingalo ugqatso. Formation kwenkqubo izivumelwano yaqhubeka 1974 ngu L. Brezhnev kunye George. Ford ikwazile bavumelane imiqathango ezintsha iingalo zobuchule umda. Ukutyikitywa kwesivumelwano SALT-2 ukuya kwenziwa kwi-77 kunyaka th. Noko ke, oku akuzange kwenzeke, ngenxa ekuyilweni United States "enomjukujelwa cruise" - izixhobo ezitsha. America walile likhankanya ukuba siqwalasele ngokunxulumene imida yabo. Ngowe-1979, kukho isivumelwano kunjalo etyikitywe Brezhnev kunye Carter, kodwa Congress US kokuba wangayamkeli de 1989

Iziphumo zale nkqubo detente

Ebudeni beminyaka ye ukuphunyezwa kweNkqubo World of inkqubela kakhulu intsebenziswano phakathi East ne West ziphunyeziwe. Ngumthamo opheleleyo ingeniso zorhwebo landa ngokuphindwe-5, kunye Soviet-American - ngentsebenziswano 8. Isicwangciso ukuba isayinwe iinkampani zaseNtshona izivumelwano ezingundoqo ukwenzela ukuthenga ubuchwepheshe okanye ukwakhiwa kwezityalo. Ukususela ekujikeni imi--60-70. phantsi kwesivumelwano kunye corporation Italian "Kwiat" wadalwa Wha. Kodwa lo mcimbi kungenzeka ngakumbi kunganxulunyaniswa engabandakanywayo ngaphezu kolawulo. iinkqubo Lwehlabathi becala enyiniweyo iihambo igqiza engafanelekanga. Iintengo technology amazwe lwaqhutywa kwi icebo kakubi-umithe. Kwi intsebenziswano echumayo ngokwenene kuchaphazela kakubi imiqobo yolawulo ingenalo novelwano. Ngenxa yoko, izivumelwano abaninzi abazange hlamusela kulindelekileyo.

inkqubo eHelsinki ngo 1975

Detente phakathi East ne West, Noko ke, umzele iziqhamo. Wavumela ukuba abize kwiNkomfa Security neNtsebenziswano eYurophu. I yodliwanondlebe lwenzeka ngo-1972-1973 gg. Amazwe baye baba i CSCE, waba eFinland. EHelsinki (likomkhulu ngurhulumente) yaba kumbindi ingxoxo le meko ngamazwe. Xa yodliwanondlebe ubuzinyaswe abalungiseleli angaphandle. Isigaba sokuqala kwenzeka ukususela 3 ukuya kwi-7 Julayi 1973. Indawo ukwenzela umjikelo olandelayo iintetho Geneva. Inqanaba lesibini kwenzeka 18.09.1973 ade 21.07.1975, ecinga ukhenketho eziliqela elide iinyanga 3-6. Baqhuba uthethathethwano, iindwendwe kunye neengcali batyunjwa kumazwe inxaxheba. Kwisigaba sesibini yaba uphuhliso kunye imvume yoko eya kulandela izivumelwano kwi-ajenda yentlanganiso jikelele. Platform ngeenxa wesithathu kwakhona waqala eFinland. Helsinki wathabatha urhulumente abaphezulu kunye neenkokeli zezopolitiko.

abaxazululi

IziVumelwano Helsinki kwaxoxwa:

• Gene. UNobhala of the CPSU Committee Central Z Brezhnev.
• UMongameli of America George. Ford.
• Federal Chancellor uHelmut Schmidt.
• UMongameli French Valery Giscard d'Estaing.
• British Prime Minister Wilson.
• UMongameli Husak yeCzechoslovakia.
• Okokuqala uNobhala sed, Honecker.
• Zhivkov Sihlalo weBhunga State.
• Okokuqala uNobhala Central Committee Hungarian Socialist Abasebenzi Kadar kunye nabanye.

for Security neNtsebenziswano eYurophu yaye yabanjwa inxaxheba abameli kumazwe-35, kubo apho amagosa e-Canada nase-United States.

amaphepha eyamKelekileyo

I-Helsinki Declaration yavunywa yi amazwe inxaxheba. Ngokutsho kwakhe, wathi:

• Le inviolability emideni karhulumente.
• Mutual non-ukusebenzisa amandla ekusombululeni iingxabano.
• Non-uphazamiseko kwimicimbi yangaphakathi States Parties.
• Ukuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nezinye izinto.

Ukongeza, iintloko kwamagunya utyikitye Helsinki Izivumelwano. Linemali isivumelwano kubulawa xa iyonke. Eyona ndlela eziphambili ebekwe phantsi kweli xwebhu athi:

1. Ukhuseleko eYurophu.
2. Intsebenziswano endle ezoqoqosho, ubugcisa, eziphilayo, isayensi.
3. Intsebenziswano kwiindawo koluntu kunye nezinye.
4. amanyathelo anokuthathwa kulandela CSCE.

izimiso key

eYurophu Final Act kwi Ukhuseleko neNtsebenziswano ibandakanya 10 izikhundla, ngokungqinelana ne kwinkcazelo norms yentsebenziswano:

1. ukulingana iNkosi.
2. Ukusebenzisa amandla okanye ukukoyikisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
3. Intlonipho yamalungelo geqe.
4. Isithunzi sendawo.
5. inviolability emideni.
6. Ukuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo oluntu nenkululeko.
7. Non-uphazamiseko kwezopolitiko lwangaphakathi.
8. amalungelo alinganayo kwezizwe kunye nelungelo labo lokuba ukulawula ikamva labo.
9. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwamazwe amabini.
10. Ukuthobela kunye nezibophelelo ngamazwe.

I-Helsinki Act Final wakhonza isiqinisekiso ukuqatshelwa inviolability emideni emva kwemfazwe. Kwaba inzuzo kwindawo yokuqala USSR. Ukongeza, inkqubo Helsinki avunyelwe ukuba nokugunyazisa isicelo onke amazwe imbopheleleko nokuhlonipha amalungelo oluntu nenkululeko.

nefuthe lexeshana elifutshane

Liyintoni ithemba wavuleka inkqubo Helsinki? umhla kwayo ingqalelo yi-mbali apogee of detente kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. USSR kakhulu abanomdla umbuzo yemida emva kwemfazwe. Ngobunkokheli eSoviet akhethekileyo ukuphumeza ukuqatshelwa inviolability yemida kwemfazwe ingqibelelo lwengingqi amazwe, nto leyo yathetha ukuba le kukuhlanganisa ngamazwe zomthetho imeko yangoku eMpuma Yurophu. Konke oku kwenzeke phantsi kwe ukusilela. Umba kwamalungelo oluntu - i ingxaki, wayenomdla kumazwe Western, waya inkqubo eHelsinki. Ngomnyaka CSCE yaba kwindawo yokuqala ukwenzela uphuhliso intshukumo ophikisana eSoviet Union. zomthetho imbopheleleko Kunyanzeleke International ukuba bahloniphe amalungelo oluntu banceda kuqalisa iphulo ukuba abakhusele eSoviet Union, apho esebenzayo ngelo xesha yenziwe States Koloni.

okunika umdla

Kuthiwa ukuba ngo-1973 yabanjwa iintetho ezahlukeneyo phakathi abameli kumazwe ilungu le-Warsaw Pact kunye NATO. I kuxoxwa ngomba lokuncitshiswa iingalo. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba kufikelelwe kwimpumelelo kulindeleke. Oku kungenxa lwesimo ezinzima le Warsaw Pact ithi, leyo ngaphezu iintlobo eqhelekileyo NATO ngayo izixhobo yaye akazange afune ukunciphisa kubo.

imali eseleyo Military-qhinga

inkqubo Helsinki yaphela ukusilela. Emva kokuba kokusayina uxwebhu lokugqibela USSR waqalisa ukuziva umnini baza ukucwangcisa eCzechoslovakia and East Jamani SS-20 imijukujelwa ezi uluhlu eliphakathi. Imida kubo zange ukunika izivumelwano SALT. Njengenxalenye yephulo ejoliswe ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu, kukho ukwanda kumazwe Koloni emva kokuba inkqubo Helsinki luyaphela, indawo eSoviet Union kuye singabi kakhulu. Ngako oko, eUnited States uthabathe inani neempendulo. Emva kokwala kuqinise SALT-2 phaya ekuqaleni 80s. Melika iye ibekwe imijukujelwa ( "Pershing" yaye "Cruise") eNtshona Yurophu. Ukuba akwazi ukufikelela kummandla USSR. Ngenxa yoko, Walizinzisa intsalela emkhosini-qhinga phakathi iibhloko.

Dalnesrochnye nemiphumela

Omakhwapheni ugqatso zichaphazeleke kakhulu kakubi imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe, orientation ogama akuyi kuncitshiswa-mveliso emkhosini. Ubo ne US yafikelela phambi kokuba inkqubo Helsinki yaqala, imijukujelwa ballistic ikakhulu enjalo ochaphazelekayo. Ukususela ngasekupheleni nenani-70. ntlekele jikelele baqala ukuthatha engahlawulelwayo layo kumashishini zokhuselo. ngcembe USSR waqala lag ukuba ezinye iindidi izixhobo. Ityhileke ngayo emva kokuvela America "imijukujelwa iza". Yaba lag bubonakala ngakumbi emva kokuqala kwenkqubo yophuhliso "wezoKhuselo Initiative Strategic" eUnited States.