Isixeko aphakathi eYurophu, kwaba ngayo nendlela simele sicinge

A phawu uphawu kumaXesha Aphakathi isihlabane izixeko. Oku kubangelwa, ikakhulu, kunye ukwahlulwa umphakathi kwamaqela asekuhlaleni kunye nophuhliso obugcisa bezandla. A idolophu medieval eqhelekileyo eNtshona Yurophu yaba encinane ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje, ukuhlala elime kule ngingqi ikuyo le woonongendi, Indlu yemboniselo okanye woxande olude. Eyona nto ifunekayo ukuze kwakhiwe indawo yokuhlala entsha phambi kwechibi - umlambo okanye echibini. Abanemvume akubuzwa ligubungela ixesha elide kakhulu ixesha, ukususela kwinkulungwane yesihlanu (ekuqaleni Middle Ages) ngu elinesihlanu (Renaissance). izixeko ezininzi kwiinkulungwane 5-15 kukho inkoloseko yokwenene, engqongwe umngxuma ngokubanzi kwaye udonga ezinqatyisiweyo, ukuba ukugcina ukuziphendulela ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni, ngokuba yayiphuma kuThixo imfazwe leyo akuqhelekanga ukuba eli thuba lexesha.

isixeko medieval yaseYurophu yaba site engakhuselekanga, lalimile nzima kuyo ebomini. Ukuba ngenxa yohlaselo lwemikhosi emibi eentloko ezaxhobela ezingaqhelekanga lwahlangula iindonga eziphakamileyo kunye nomkhosi esebenzayo, ngoko kwizifo iinqaba amatye baba namandla. kubhubhane rhoqo kwaqala e eYurophu, amawaka wathabatha ubomi abemi abaqhelekileyo. A isibetho ukuba awuxabele umzi nanto ngaphandle umonakalo. Mhlawumbi Makuqatshelwe ezi zizathu zilandelayo ngenxa yokwanda isibetho phakathi kwabantu baseYurophu engamakhulu 5-15. Okokuqala, urhulumente amayeza ixesha akazange avumele ukujongana yayithatya- ngokwahlukileyo yayiliziko esi sifo. Ngenxa yoko, i "ukufa black" ukusasazeka, ngowokuqala phakathi kwabemi yeendawo zokuhlala, waza ke waya kude ngaphaya ukufumana etyhutyha yaye maxa wambi a bhubhane. Okwesibini, nangona inani elincinane yabemi, ukwanda kwabantu ezidolophini kuye kakhulu phezulu. Density abantu yeyona ilungileyo negalelo ukosuleleka ahanjiswa ngokukhawuleza ukusuka umntu ogulayo esempilweni. Okwesithathu, ngemilinganiselo ngabantu mihla dolophu aphakathi yaba kwiimbutho inkunkuma, inkunkuma yasekhaya kunye ilindle isilwanyana. Ezingcolileyo, yaziwa ukukhuthaza nucleation izifo ezininzi eyingozi Zinokusasazwa iimpuku kunye nezinye namabuzi ezincinane.

Noko ke, ukuzalwa kunye nokwandiswa lomzi iimpawu zayo ezintle. Ngoko ke, inkoliso yabo kwenzeka emazweni yeenkosi ezinkulu feudal okanye ookumkani. Abantu abahlala kwintsimi ingumbuso bawuthobele ukujongana uqoqosho, urhwebo, ukunika umvuzo omkhulu. Le ingumbuso waba nempumelelo inzuzo isixeko "yakhe", ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwabantu ingeniso uza kufumana i ngabemi werhafu.

Inkcazelo dolophu ephakathi

Uninzi imizi of Western Europe kwiinkulungwane 5-15 zininzi abemi-4 ukuya kuma-10 amawaka. Le idolophu yabantu abemi ukuya ku-4 million ingqalelo avareji. Esi sixeko sikhulu aphakathi akwazi ukubala ayifiki abemi 80 amawaka. Kulawulo lwe xesha ithathwa Milan, Florence, Paris. Ngokusisiseko, wagcinwa abarhwebi ezincinane, neengcibi, amadoda waba isixeko wendawo uyazi. A phawu uphawu imizi yaseYurophu kwenkulungwane ye-12 yaba ukufunyanwa kwezi yunivesithi kunye ukuvela umfundi njengeklasi lwentlalo eyahlukileyo. Iziko lokuqala ezinjalo kwavulwa kumaziko ezinkulu ixesha - Oxford, Paris, Cambridge. imbonakalo yazo zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwamazwe ngamanye naseYurophu liphela.

Namhlanje, idolophu medieval kubonakala kuthi indawo lusizi kwaye iyingozi, apho nkqu ekufudumaleni kwemini kube yinto enokwenzeka ukuba sibone ngokuphanga okanye ukubulala. Noko ke, kukho into abathandanayo kwizitrato ezincinane izixeko ezindala yaseYurophu. Indlela enye ukuze achaze umdla ukwanda abakhenkethi kunye nabakhenkethi nje izixeko zamandulo ezifana Sartène (Italy), Cologne (Germany), Marseille (France). Amvumela ukuba gxwa imbali, ukuba abaleke ephithizelayo yase i "yehlathi eziphathekayo" mihla ukwenza, nangona elifutshane, uhambo niye elidlulileyo.