Inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseRashiya 19-21 kweenkulungwane. Oopolitiki abakhayo baseRashiya

Ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezintathu, ilizwe lethu likwazi ukugqithisa phantse zonke iirhulumente ezikhoyo phakathi kobukhoboka kunye nentando yesininzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngohlobo olulungekileyo, akukho lawulo oluye lwaba lwenzeka, luye lwaluhlala lunye okanye olunye uhlobo lwentsebenziswano. Kwaye ngoku inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseRashiya idibanisa zombini iinkalo zenkqubo yentando yeninzi, kunye namaziko olawulo kunye neendlela zikaRhulumente.

Ngama modes hybrid

Eli gama lenzululwazi libhekiselele kwimimiselo apho iimpawu zobunya kunye nentando yeninzi zidibanisene kunye, kwaye kaninzi ezi nkqubo ziphakathi. Kukho ezininzi iinkcazo apha, kodwa ngoncedo lwoluhlu olubanzi lwahlula ngamaqela amabini. Iqela lokuqala lenzululwazi libona urhulumente we-hybridi njengedemokhrasi engafanelekanga, oko kukuthi, idemokhrasi ngokunciphisa, okwesibini, ngokuchaseneyo, ibhekiselele kwinkqubo yezopolitiko yaseRussia njengombutho okhuphisanayo okanye unyulo lolawulo, oko kukuthi, igunya lobunyani kunye nokudibanisa.

Yona incazelo "yefowuni ye-hybrid" iyathandwa kakhulu, kuba inehlobo oluthile lokungabikho kwamandla nokungathathi hlangothi. Inzululwazi ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseRashiya ivumela zonke izinto zayo zentando yesininzi ukulungiswa: iphalamende, inkqubo yeqela lamanyathelo, ukhetho kunye nento yonke idemokhrasi inokubambisa kuphela igunya lobunyani. Nangona kunjalo, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba lo mzekelo uhamba ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

E Rashiya

Inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseRashiya izama ukuzenzekela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nentando yeninzi kunokuba iyinyaniso. Isilinganiselo sobukhosi - idemokhrasi yanele ngokwaneleyo malunga nale ngxabano yesayensi ukufumana ukuvumelana. Uninzi lwazinzulu lulutyekele ukufumana ulawulo oluxubileyo kwilizwe apho kubandakanyeka khona imibutho yezopolitiko ezimbini ezithatha inxaxheba ekukhethweni kwepalamente. Kufuneka kubekho inkqubo yeqela lezomthetho kunye neeprogram ezikhethiweyo zonyulo. Emva koko uhlobo lolawulo lwabalawuli luye lwayeka ukuhlambuluka. Kodwa akuyona into yokuba ukhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela abalulekile? Kwaye kubalwa inani lokuphulwa kwentetho yonyulo?

I-Russia yipublic republic-parliamentary republic. Kukho nawuphi na, ngoko kuyacaciswa. Ukulinganisa akulona amanga, njengoko inzululwazi zentlalo zithi. Le nto yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Iimirhumo zeHyibrid zithatha inkohlakalo kwizinga eliphezulu kakhulu (kubandakanywa enkundleni, kungekuphela kokhetho), urhulumente awanakulinganiswa nepalamente, ngokungathanga ngqo kodwa ulawulo oluqinileyo labasemagunyeni kumajelo eendaba, ukukhululeka kwemimandla yoluntu (ukudala imibutho kawonkewonke kunye neentlanganiso zoluntu). Njengoko sonke siyazi, le miqondiso ibonisa inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseRashiya ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, kuyathakazelisa ukulandela yonke indlela ilizwe eliye laphumelela kulo uphuhliso lwezopolitiko.

Kwinkulungwane ngaphambili

Kufuneka ukhunjulwe ukuba iRashiya yisekhondari yesibini yamazwe aqala ukuphuhliswa kweengxowa-mali, kwaye yaqalisa emva kwexesha lamazwe aseNtshona, okubhekwa njengekhokela. Nangona kunjalo, ngeminyaka engamashumi amane uye wahamba ngendlela efanayo la mazwe athatha iminyaka emininzi. Oku bekubangelwa kwizinga eliphezulu lokukhula kolu shishino, kwaye banegalelo kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho, owawunyanzelisa ukuphuhliswa kwamashishini amaninzi kunye nokwakhiwa kwezitimela. Ngaloo ndlela, inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngexesha elifanayo kunye namazwe aphambili, yangena kwi-imperialist. Kodwa kwakungekho lula, u-capitalism akakwazi ukufihla isantya saso sokuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza. Inguqulelo yayingenakugwema. Kutheni kwaye inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseRashiya ishintshile njani, ziziphi izinto ezibangele utshintsho olunzulu?

Imeko yangaphambili yemfazwe

1. I-monopolies yavuka ngokukhawuleza, incike kwixininiso ephezulu yeemali kunye nemveliso, ukufumana zonke izikhundla zezoqoqosho. Ulawulo lolawulo lwentlawulo lusekelwe kuphela ekukhuleni kwalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iindleko zabasebenzi. Akukho mntu utyalomali kwintlanzi, kwaye ngokukhawuleza walahlekelwa amandla okutya ilizwe.

2. Ushishino luhlanganiswe kakhulu kunye neebhanki, ukukhula kwezimali, kunye ne-oligarchy yemali yabonakala.

3. Izinto kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo zithunyelwa ngaphandle kwelo lizwe, i-large range yafunyanwa kunye nokuhoxiswa kwenkunzi. Ezi fom zazingefani, njengamanje: izibophezelo zorhulumente, utyalo-mali ngqo kwizoqoqosho kwamanye amazwe.

4. Kuye kwavela imibutho yamanyeneyo yamanye amazwe kunye nomzabalazo weemarike ngezinto zokuvelisa, ukuthengisa kunye nokutyalomali.

5. Ukhuphiswano kummandla weempembelelo phakathi kwamazwe anotyebileyo afikelela kwi-apogee yayo, oku kwakhokelela kuqala kwiimfazwe zengingqi, kwaza kwagqitywa iMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Kwaye abantu sele bephelile yonke le miba yenkqubo yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko zaseRashiya.

Ukuphela kwekhulu lama-19 neyokuqala kwe-20: uqoqosho

I-industrial upsurge yee-90, ngokwemvelo, iphelile kwiminyaka emithathu yenkxalabo kwezoqoqosho, eyayiqala ngo-1900, emva koko kukho ukudandatheka okude ngakumbi kwaze kwaba ngo-1908. Emva koko, ekugqibeleni, ixesha lempumelelo - iphela uluhlu lweemveliso eziqhamo ukususela ngo-1908 ukuya ku-1913 lwavumela uqoqosho ukuba lenze olunye ukugquma olubukhali xa ukuveliswa kwemveliso kwanda ngama-50%.

Abapolitiki abavelele baseRashiya, abalungiselela ukuguqulwa kwe-1905 kunye neembambano ezininzi zokubhikisha, phantse balahlekelwa iqonga eliqhumayo kwimisebenzi yabo. I-Monopolization yafumana enye ibhonasi kwi-Russia yaseburhulumenteni: amaninzi amashishini amancinci abulawe ngexesha leengxaki, amashishini athile angaphezulu ahlala ephazamiseka ngexesha lokudakumba, ababuthathaka bashiya, kwaye abaqinileyo bakwazi ukugxila kwimveliso yezandla ezandleni zabo. Amashishini amashishini amaninzi, ixesha lolawulo lwama-monopolisi - iinqwelo kunye nee-syndicates, ezidibeneyo ukuthengisa iimveliso zazo ngendlela engcono.

KwezoPolitiko

Inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseRashiya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yayingumbuso obalaseleyo, onke amandla ayesandleni saloo mlawuli ngokulandelelana kwetrone. Ukhozi olukhanda amabini kunye nolawulo lobukhosi luzikhukhumeza zihleli kwiingalo, kwaye ifulegi yayifana nelomvu-obomvu obomvu namhlanje. Xa inkqubo yezopolitiko eRussia iguquka kwaye ulawulo lokutshatyalaliswa kwe-proletariat liza , ifulegi iya kuba ibomvu nje. Nje ngegazi abantu abaye batyhila ngeenkulungwane ezininzi. Kwaye kukho iingalo kukho igaleki kunye nesando ngeendlebe. Kodwa kuya kuba ngo-1917 kuphela. Kwaye ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kunye neyokuqala kwe-20, inkqubo, eyadalwa phantsi kweAlexander wokuqala, iphumelele kweli lizwe.

IBhunga likaRhulumente lingumcebisi wezomthetho: akazange anqume nantoni na, unokubonisa kuphela imibono. Akukho projekthi ngaphandle kokusayinwa kwenkosi kuye kwaba ngumthetho. Inkundla yayiphethwe yiSenate. Imicimbi yelizwe yayilawulwa yiKhabhinethi yabaPhathiswa, kodwa kwakungekho nto enokuyenza ngaphandle kweTsar - yile nkqubo yezopolitiko yaseRashiya ngekhulu le-19 kunye nokuqala kwe-20. Kodwa uMphathiswa wezeMali kunye noMphathiswa weMicimbi yangaphakathi sele sele enegunya elibanzi kunaloo xesha. Abaxhasi banokumisela iimeko kwi-tsar, kunye neenkcukacha zecandelo lophando lokuzimela kunye neenkqubo zalo, ukuchithwa kweenkcukacha, ukuchonga kunye nophando lwezopolitiko ukuba alukho mthethweni, lunokuchaphazela isigqibo sobukhosi ngendlela ekhadini.

Ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe

Ubume bezomthetho, imeko enzima kwezoqoqosho kunye nokunyanzeliswa (ewe, uStalin akazange azenzele!) Kubangele ukuhamba okukhulayo nokukhulayo kokufudukela kwamanye amazwe - kwaye akusiyo inkulungwane ye-21, kodwa i-19! Abalimi belizwe bashiye ilizwe, baqala ukuya kumazwe angummelwane-ukusebenza, baqhutywe kwihlabathi lonke, kwakuloo ndlela iindawo zaseRashiya zazisungulwa e-USA, eCanada, e-Argentina, eBrazil nakwi-Australia. Ayikho inguqulelo ye-1917 kunye nemfazwe eyalandela yazala kulo mlambo, abazange bawuvumele ukuba uphume ixesha elithile.

Ziziphi izizathu zokuphuma kwezi zifundo kwikhulu le-18? Inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseRashiya ekhulwini lama-20 ayinakuqondwa kwaye yamkelwa ngumntu wonke, ngoko ke isizathu sicacile. Kodwa abantu sele babalekele ebukumkani obuphela, njani? Ukongezelela ekuhlukunyezweni kwizizathu zesizwe, abantu abanalo imimiselo yokufumana imfundo noqeqesho olungcono lwezobugcisa, abemi babelindele ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamakhono abo kunye nefuthe ebomini babo, kodwa oku kwakungeke kwenzeke ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Kwaye inxalenye enkulu yokufudukela kwamanye amazwe - amawaka amaninzi abantu - bebambene ne-autocracy, abaguquleli bexesha elizayo, abavela apho baholele amaqela aphakanyisiwe kumaphephandaba apapashweyo, abhala iincwadi.

Inkululeko yokukhutshwa

Ukungqubuzana emphakathini kwakunzima kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kangangokuba babevame ukuthulula amawaka emibhikisho, iimeko zenguqu zatshintsha ngokugqithisa kunye nemida. Isiqhwithi sasisoloko sigubha phakathi kwabafundi. Inxaxheba yentsebenzo yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kule meko, kwaye kwacaciswa ukuba ngo-1905 sele sele ifuna inxaxheba kwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Inkqubo yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko yaseRashiya iye yabonakala ingenakunqandwa. Ngomnyaka we-1901 abasebenzi baseKharkov bahlaselwa ngoMeyi kwixesha elifanayo njengesiteleka kwishishini lase-Obukhov yaseSt. Petersburg, apho kwakukho ukuqinisekiswa okuphindaphindiweyo kunye namapolisa.

Ngomnyaka we-1902, isiteleka sasiqalile lonke iqela elisenzantsi yelizwe, ukususela eRostov. Ngowe-1904, isiteyibrari jikelele kwiBaku kunye nezinye izixeko. Ukongezelela, kukho intshukumo ekhulayo kwimigangatho yabalimi. Bobabini iKharkov nePoltava bevukela ngo-1902, kangangokuthi kwakufana nokufana nokulwa kwezilwanyana zePugachev noRazin. Inkcaso ye-liberal yaphakamisa izwi layo kwi-campaign ye-Zemstvo ka-1904. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, umbutho woqhankqalazo kwakufuneka ubanjwe. Noko ke, urhulumente wayesenethemba, kodwa akazange athathe nawaphi na amanyathelo ekwakhiweni ngokutsha, kwaye sele sele efile ixesha elide lolawulo lweRashiya. Ngamafutshane, iinguqulelo zazingenakupheka. Kwaye kwenzeka ngo-Oktobha 25 (uNovemba 7), ngo-1917, eyahluke kakhulu kwii-odlulileyo: i-bourgeois eyodwa-1905 kunye noFebruwari 1917, xa uRhulumente wexesha elizeleyo eqala ukusebenza.

Kwamashumi amabini ekhulwini le-20

Ngelo xesha, isakhiwo seburhulumenteni baseRashiya sasitshintshile ngokubanzi. Kwimihlaba yonke, ngaphandle kwelizwe laseBaltic, iFinland, i-Western Byelorussia ne-Ukraine, i-Bessarabia, ulawulo lolawulo lwamaBolshevik lafika njengendlela eyahlukileyo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko kunye neqela elinye. Amanye amaqela aseSoviet awakhona ebudeni bokuqala kweminyaka engama-20 aphehliweyo: ii-Socialist-Revolutionaries kunye neMensheviks zanyulwa ngo-1920, i-Bund ngo-1921, kwaye ngowe-1922 iinkokheli ze-Socialist-Revolutionaries zityholwa ukuphikisana nokuguqulwa kobugrogasi, zazama kwaye zaphazamiseka. I-Mensheviks yayincinci ngakumbi, njengoko uluntu lwentlanga lwakhankanya ngokunyanzeliswa. Uninzi lwalo lukhishwe ngaphandle kwelizwe. Ngoko ke inkcaso yaphela. Ngo-1922, u-Josef Vissarionovich Stalin wamiselwa uNobhala Jikelele weKomiti ePhambili ye-RCP (B.), kwaye oku kukhawuleza ukuphambili kweqela, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwethekhnoloji yamandla - kunye nesakhiwo esicacileyo kwisakhiwo semimiselo yendawo.

Ukwesaba kunciphile kwaye kwangoko kwanyamalala ngokupheleleyo, nangona kunjalo, ukulawulwa komthetho kwinjongo yanamhlanje kwakungakhiwanga. Nangona kunjalo, ngowe-1922, iikhowudi zoLuntu kunye neNkqubo zoLwaphulo-mthetho zivunyiwe, izigwebo zapheliswa, i-Bar kunye ne-Ofisi yoMtshutshisi zaqulunqwa, ukunyanzeliswa kwezinto kwafakwa kuMgaqo-siseko, kwaye i-Cheka yahlelwa kwakhona kwi-GPU. Ukuphela kweMfazwe yombango kwakuyixesha lokuzalwa kwamaRiphabliki aseSoviet: i-RSFSR, iBelorussian, isi-Ukrainian, isi-Armenia, isi-Azerbaijani, isiGeorgia. Kwakukho neKhorezm kunye neBukhara neMpuma Ekude. Yaye yonke indawo kwintloko yayiyiqela lamaKhomanisi, kwaye inkqubo yelizwe yaseRashiya Federation (RSFSR) yayingeyona eyahlukileyo kwinkqubo, yithi, iArmenian. I-republic nganye inomgaqo-siseko wayo, amalungu ayo karhulumente kunye nokulawula. Ngowe-1922, amazwe aseSoviet aqala ukudibanisa emanyeneyo. Kwakungeyona umsebenzi olula kwaye unzima, awuzange uphume ngokukhawuleza. I-Soviet Union yayinomsebenzi wokubambisana apho iifundo zelizwe zinegunya lokuzimela kuphela, kodwa le nto yayinamandla kakhulu: sele ikhona kwiminyaka engama-1920 ininzi yamaphephandaba asekuhlaleni, iindiyetha, izikolo zwelonke zadalwa, iincwadi kuzo zonke iilwimi zabantu base-USSR, ngaphandle kwemveliso, Kwaye ezininzi izizwana ezingabhalwanga ulwimi, zamkela, ezenza ukuba iingqondo ezigqamile zehlabathi zenzululwazi zikhange. I-Soviet Union yabonisa amandla angenakunqandwa, nangona ihlabathi liphindwe kabili. Nangona kunjalo, iminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe kamva akazange abulawe yimfazwe, kungekhona ngokunyanzelwa, kodwa ... ngokuzondla nokuzineliseka. Kwaye nabaphangi ngaphakathi kwinqanaba elilawulayo.

Ekhulwini lama-21

Imodi yanamhlanje? Oku akusekho i-90, xa oogunyaziwe babonakalisa kuphela iimfuno zesibhugeji esiphuthumayo kunye ne-oligarchy. Abantu abaninzi abaphakathi-basebenzi babethukuthelwa ngamajelo kumdla wabo kunye nethemba lokuba "bajikeleze" kwikamva elizayo. Kwakungekho umyalelo, kodwa kunoko, ukungabikho kwakhe. Ukuphanga ngokugqibeleleyo nokungabikho komthetho. Kutheni ngoku? Ngoku inkqubo yelizwe yaseRashiya Federation, ngokweengcamango zengcali, ifana kakhulu neBonapartist. Isibheno kwinkqubo yeRashiya yanamhlanje yokuguqulwa ivumela ukuba kubone kuyo imimiselo efanayo. Le nkqubo yaqala ukuphunyezwa njengoluhlengahlengiso lwexesha elidlulileyo lokuguqulwa kweentlalo ezinzulu ezinxulumene nokushiya umzekelo woluntu olungumhle waseSoviet kuluntu, kwaye ngokwenene, ngokwenene, unolwazi olulondolozayo. Inkqubo esemthethweni yenkqubo ye-politiki entsha yaseRashiya namhlanje nayo inomntu obini, ngokusekelwe ngokukhawuleza ukhetho lonyulo lwentando yesininzi kunye nemveli yeSoviet esemthethweni.

Ubuninzi bombuso - luphi na?

Kukho uluvo lokuba phantsi kolawulo lweSoviet kwakukho inkqubo ye-capitalist state. Nangona kunjalo, nayiphina i-capitalism ithembele ngokuyinhloko kwinzuzo. Ngoku kuyafana kakhulu nale nkqubo kunye namashishini karhulumente. Kodwa e-USSR, nangona xa uKosygin ezama ukufumana ulawulo lwezoqoqosho, oku kwakungekho nhlobo. KwiSoviet Union le nkqubo yenguqu yenkqubela, kunye neenkalo zentlalo-ntsapho kunye, nakwincinci, ubukhulu becala. I-Socialism ayibonakali kakhulu ekuhanjisweni kwemali yabathengi karhulumente kunye neziqinisekiso zombuso kubantu abadala, abagulayo nabakhubazekile. Khumbula ukuba neempesheni zazo zonke zibonakala kuphela kwisigaba sokugqibela sokuba khona kwelizwe.

Kodwa apha umbutho ekulawuleni ubomi bezenhlalakahle kunye noqoqosho kwakungekho ngxowa-mali nonke, yayakhiwe ngokupheleleyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezobugcisa, kungekhona i-capitalist. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yayo ecocekileyo, i-Soviet Union ayengazi ukuhlalisana kwabantu. Kuyinyaniso ukuba kwakukho ubunini bobugcisa beendlela zokuvelisa. Nangona kunjalo, ubunikazi bombuso abuhambelani nepropati yoluntu, kuba akunakwenzeka ukuyilahla, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bayakwazi nokwenza. Ukuvuleka kwimeko enokuthi yintlonelo ayinakwenzeka, ngoko ke le nkcazelo yayingumlawuli wombuso. Kwakungekho naluphi na ulwazi apho ulawulo lwabaphathi lulawulwa ngolwazi njengomhlaba wangasese. Ukulingana kwezentlalo - umgaqo-ntlalontle, ngokwenene, uyavuma ukungalingani kwezinto. Akukho nto iphikisana phakathi kweeklasi, akukho ntlupheko yoluntu eye yaxinwa ngabanye, kwaye ngoko akuzange kwenzeke nakubani na ukukhusela amalungelo enkonzo. Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho umkhosi onamandla, kwaye ujikeleze kuwo - ubuninzi bamagosa abangenalo nje umda omkhulu kumvuzo, kodwa babe neenkqubo ezipheleleyo.

Ukusebenzisana

Boqobo ngohlobo lwayo olunyulu njengoko Marx akukubona oko, kwilizwe elinikiweyo ayikwazi yakhiwe. I Trotskyite eko abadumileyo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini Saahobaev wayesithi ukuba usindiso behlabathi - kuphela revolution ehlabathini. Kodwa akunakwenzeka, kuba ukungaboni ngokusisiseko ezivela kumazwe yokuqala omqolo kwi mveliso kumazwe zehlabathi wesithathu. Kodwa unako ukukhumbula ngokungafanelekanga kunyathelwa iimfundiso Lenin, Ingakwabo baqhutywa ukutshintsha kwinqanaba umbono yokwakha Socialism umphakathi oluphucukileyo co-abasebenzisi.

kufuneka ube ngumhlaba karhulumente kwi efanayo ixesha kudluliselwa asebenzisanayo, kanye onke amashishini ziye zasebenzisa nemigaqo self-government. AmaYuda akuqonda kakuhle - xa kibbutzim zonke iimpawu nkampani, nto leyo echaza uLenin. Ngendlela efanayo ishishini umsebenzi Melika zemanyano zabasebenzi, yaye wayekho ngexesha ngokutsha yesicwangciso sikazwelonke lweshishini. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi capitalism, Nobunqobo yezi mveliso kuyingxaki. Eyona, benza lweshishini ehlangeneyo wongxowankulu. mazifake kuphela lonke igunya kwezopolitiko olwenziwa sabasebenzi unako ukukhonza njengesiseko ukwakha socialism.