Sodium phenate: Ukulungiselela, Properties Chemical

Phenols - iikhompawundi enuka ukuba amaqela hydroxyl enye okanye ngaphezulu ezinxulumene athom carbon benzenovogo ngumongo. Ngokutsho inani lamaqela OH na phenols ezikhethekileyo olulodwa, zeeveki trihydric.

Monohydric phenols - yezabelo ze benzene kunye homologues balo ngumongo yeyiphi hydrogen atom ithathwa liqela hydroxyl.

Isomerism kunye nokuhlelwa. Xa ummeli elula phenols - carbolic acid (phenol) isomers, xa kukho homologs yayo isomers ngokokuma yeqela hydroxyl apha benzonovom core (ortho, meta, isitanza position).

Ukuze igama phenols ezisetyenzisiweyo nokuhlelwa ezintathu - yembali, esinengqiqo IUPAC. Kuba phenols nokuhlelwa zembali kuthiwa trivially - phenol (carbolic acid), cresols, njl

umthombo Natural ezi materials amalahle tar, ioli kernel, tar beech, njl Coal tar iveliswa ngexesha amalahle neyanamhlanje owomileyo. Imithombo ye ukuvelisa phenols ukulinganisela (ukubilisa kwi 170-230 ° C) kunye enzima (abilayo kwi C 230-270 °) ioli. Ngexesha processing of sodium hayidroksayidi yalungiselelwa sodium phenolate. Ifomula le nto ibandakanya amasalela phenol kesodiyam.

Phantsi kweemeko laboratory, sulphosalts badla enuka (sodium kunye potassium neetyuwa ze asidi sulfonic) zisetyenziselwa ukufumana phenols. Ngexesha ekudibaneni kwemichiza, sodium okanye potassium phenolate. Emva koko, ezi zihlanganisi babacukucezela asidi yezimbiwa ukunika phenols free.

Iipropati yamachiza ngenxa ubukho phenol iqela OH e benzelnom nucleus. Ezi zinto zinobungozi ukungena reactions kuzo uphawu alkoholi (ukuyilwa esters, phenolates, halogenated) kunye arenes (replacement-athom hydrogen kwi engundoqo benzenovom halogens, iqela nitro, sulfo qela). Ngoko ke, le arhente kusabela lula kunye iintsimbi ukwenza phenolate sodium. Kuyinto kwezi meko sibonakalalisiwe isakhiwo ingakumbi esekhompyutheni molecule alkoholi kunye phenols.

sodium phenoxide (okanye phenoxide) amiliswe ngokuhlanganisa phenols kunye alkalis. Iimpawu emuncu of phenols kakhulu kangako libizwe. Ezi izinto Akukho zidyojwe iphepha litmus. sodium phenolate ngokungafaniyo alkoxides mbi izisombululo ialakalin zolwelo, ukanti ukubola. Phenates sele ibolile ukusabela nee-asidi (nkqu lingenamandla, umz, ngamalahle).

Kodwa iimpawu emuncu of phenols kugqame kakhulu kunokuba alkoholi aliphatic. Kokukhutshelwa molecule phenol electron-ukurhoxisa substituents (nitro, halogen, iqela sulfo, iqela aldehyde kunye ezifana) kwandisa intshukumo hydrogen gidroksogrupp, ngoko iipropati emuncu luyenyuka.

Ukubakho phenols nemiphumo emihle mesomeric ebangela ukuba kwiipropati nucleophilic, leyo ngaphantsi ucaca xa kuthelekiswa ne-alkoholi. Le propati isetyenziswe ukuvelisa esters, kodwa hayi inxaxheba reactions ngokwabo phenols kunye phenolates kunye hydrocarbon halogenated.

Ester ukubunjwa kwenzeka ngokuhlanganisa phenols kunye kloride okanye anhydrides ye asidi carboxylic. Njengoko ekubunjweni esters, basabela kulula ukuqhubeka potassium okanye sodium phenates.

Xa isenzo halogens benziwa phenols yezabelo halogen. Le bromination of phenols esetyenziswa kuphononongo zamachiza: 2,46-tribromophenol ayiqondakali enyibilikayo emanzini kwaye ngokwemvula ngaphandle, nto leyo evumela uthe awasabela ukujonga phenols in isisombululo.

Le nitration of phenol. Nenyathelo phenol i-20% nitric acid , umxube o-kunye p-nitrophenols ezahlulwa ulwelo kunye umphunga (o-nitrophenol iye Yek off, kwaye p-nitrophenol uhleli isisombululo).