MPP: into, ingqiqo, imigaqo. Modern umthetho abucala amazwe ngamazwe

Phantse 200 iinkqubo zomthetho ezikhoyo ehlabathini ukuya ekuqaleni ukuyilwa komthetho yabucala kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngamnye kubo uwugcinayo imisebenzi yayo ngokuzimeleyo ngokumisela imithetho ethile ummiselo, eneneni, ubudlelwane lwentlalo ngokulinganayo. Noko ke, oko waqala kuvela imfuno namalungelo ulawulo olongezelelweyo ukuba esona sizathu siphambili sokuba ngokudala inkqubo imigaqo ekhethekileyo ukuba uthathe ingqalelo uhlobo ngamazwe ubuhlobo.

Uhlobo umbandela komthetho abucala amazwe ngamazwe

MPP imbaxa, nto leyo izisa ndawonye sikhokelo yezomthetho kumgangatho karhulumente, ngokunjalo ikhontrakthi nezithethe womlinganiswa ngamazwe, elawula ubudlelwane kwempahla okanye isicwangciso lobuqu imeko iingxaki zabo ubuncinane enye enye ingxenye imithetho yelizwe.

Okubalulekileyo, i MPP (wesifundo kunye nendlela kuyo) usesikhundleni okhethekileyo kwinkqubo yezomthetho iyonke, ekubeni iifom ngokupheleleyo kwisebe elizimeleyo yomthetho. Ulwalamano elilawulwa yi imimiselo yomthetho ngamazwe, abumi kolawulo lukarhulumente ethile, nto leyo engqina ukohluka yabo epheleleyo.

MPP ichaza into upha nokulawulwa zomthetho nezobudlelwane phakathi abemi imeko ukuncedisa ezi ubudlelwane "umbhalo" incasa. Ngoko ke, lo isakhiwo amelwe ngumthetho zabucala uvumela ulawulo ngokupheleleyo ngonxibelelwano amaziko abunjwe ngokwembali ukuba izakhiwo ezithile nezandiso abucala ngamnye (civil, abasebenzi okanye usapho).

ulwazi MPP Scientific

Iimbono mihla kwesayensi kunye nolwazi ngendlela abantu nesenzeko zentlalo kunye "wasemzini" i ithinti trend olufanelekileyo kwinzululwazi, leyo zihlelwe lezabelo jikelele kunye ezizodwa, kwakunye Code Civil iquka uphawu ngamazwe.

Ngoko ke, inxalenye eqhelekileyo iquka isifundo kwimithombo MPP ezisetyenziswa ziingcali esihambelanayo icala, amagama, imigaqo esebenzayo ichazwe ngokucacileyo ngezantsi njalo-njalo. Ukongeza inxalenye jikelele zenzululwazi mbuzo kufuneka iquke familiarization kunye Isimo ngokomthetho ngabalawulwa yoluntu intsebenziswano komthetho, namona enzima amazwe, kwaye, kakade, kunye karhulumente, leyo isisifundo ekhethekileyo izinto ezinjalo. Ngaphezu koko, inzululwazi iqwalasela abantu basemzini ngokomthetho kwaye emzimbeni, ukusombulula iingxaki yomthetho abucala amazwe ngamazwe.

Inxalenye ekhethekileyo iqulethe kubume bayo inani amacandelo:

• ubunini;
• ukuthutha womlinganiswa ngamazwe;
• intsebenziswano lokuphunyezwa imisebenzi azo;
• ubuhlobo kunye nesicwangciso usapho zakho;
• ipropati yengqondo;
• ukulwisana linye ilifa;
• ubudlelwane yokusebenza kunye nenkqubo yoluntu ngezoBomi ngamazwe.

Imigaqo ngokubanzi SPE

Into eqhelekileyo isakhiwo amalungelo imigaqo ethile. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le saziwe ngokufanayo umalunga kwinkqubo yezomthetho kwi kokubini kwinqanaba likazwelonke kunye ngamazwe. Eqondisa ideology, ukuba isenza umxholo SPE (isifundo kunye ingqiqo kwekota, jonga ngentla), uhlobo kunye nenjongo, zenza iinketho zokuphucula ulawulo lomthetho, zihlelwa ngokungqinelana iindidi ezimbini: Imigaqo ngokubanzi kunye ezizodwa.

Iqela lokuqala siqulathe iziqalelo ezilandelayo:

• Umgaqo kolawulo lwesizwe ezikumila yabucala ubudlelwane kunye elementi wamanye amazwe.
• Umgaqo conflict of ummiselo ezi wobudlelwane.
• Umgaqo lokusetyenziswa aqinisekiswe wamanye amazwe ngokungqinelana nemigaqo nomthetho ungquzulwano.
• optionality siseko (ukuzimela ngamnye amaqela).
• Umgaqo, kokuthabatha ukusetyenziswa ungquzulwano enye yemithetho imithetho.
• Umgaqo ephambili ngokupheleleyo nemigangatho ngesivumelwano ngamazwe phambi norm nomthetho wesizwe.

imigaqo Special umthetho wabucala

Ekusombululeni iingxaki ezithile kummandla ingqalelo abantu zendalo umthetho abucala amazwe ngamazwe badla zilawulwa yimigaqo ethile bangavisisani esisiseko imigaqo nemithetho, ezaziwayo ngokupheleleyo imfundiso MPP kunye kumGaqo kumthetho Njengomthetho jikelele. Ukongeza, ukuba adla ngokusetyenziswa xa kusenziwa, nkqu kunokwenzeka ukuba ithi ngqo kwi umthetho ngalo mba engekhoyo. Ngoko ke, omnye imigaqo engundoqo zongquzulwano ziquka:

• Umgaqo iflegi (ubudlelwane malunga buyo ngamazwe).
• umgaqo kwindawo into ethile (ipropati ngumntu othile (iqela labantu)).
• Indawo Umgaqo umonakalo.
• Umgaqo indawo yomsebenzi othile (ulawulo lobudlelwane yabasebenzi kunye isiqalelo angaphandle kweli zikarhulumente).
• indawo Umgaqo ongundoqo artist malunga yesosivumelwano.
• Umgaqo wolawulo Ngaphandle komthetho amazwe kobudlelane copyright (ngokumalunga nokhuseleko lwamalungelo yombhali).
• Umgaqo ngaphandle isicelo komthetho zenkqubo asemzini.

Amanqaku olumisiweyo lobukhulu MPP

Ingcamango pil kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo yalo esisiseko embonweni khona i ulawulo olufanelekileyo mthetho. Ngoko ke, lo mba olumisiweyo le MPP ingxabano, substantive kunye nemigaqo yeenkqubo. Iqela lokuqala Zizenzo ezikhokelela njenge njongo ephambili ye IPL na isisombululo kunye nokupheliswa ungquzulwano phakathi imiyalelo esemthethweni izakhiwo ezimbini. imithetho ingxabano limisele likarhulumente, isicelo yomyalelo elifanelekileyo kwimeko elinikiweyo, ngokolwazi imithombo zilandelayo: kwemithetho kwinqanaba likazwelonke kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, isakhiwo apho kukho ungquzulwano ezininzi imilinganiselo emanyeneyo.

Isigaba sesibini MPP (izinto, imiba kunye nemigaqo kuxoxwe ngasentla) ziquka neziphumo ngqo imithetho elawula ngobuhlobo ngamazwe. Ngaloo ndlela, imithetho ephathekayo zombini kazwelonke nawehlabathi ngokubanzi zisetyenziswa ummiselo kobudlelwane zabucala kunye element komthetho wamanye amazwe.

imithombo pil

Namhlanje, kwiincwadi mihla inika ukuhlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo iintlobo umboniso ukuthanda karhulumente, leyo inento yokwenza ingqalelo elililo lwe ubukho udidi okunjalo njengelungelo, kwakunye indalo yayo okanye utshintsho lobume (ukongezwa okanye ukungafakwa ukubaluleka into ethile). Ngokutsho yokuhlela uqhelekileyo la macandelo alandelayo imithombo komthetho:

• isivumelwano samazwe ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ngokohlobo පිළිතුරු iimpendulo, isivumelwano okanye isivumelwano.
• nemithetho yesizwe yendalo (okanye umthetho ethile, kwenziwa kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo).
• wesintu ethile (ulawulo ongabhalwanga, apho kukho rhoqo phindo ethile apho uluntu rhoqo ejongene). Kukho isithethe zorhwebo okanye navigation yorhwebo, wesizwe okanye amasiko endawo.
• isandulela Isebe lezomthetho (i uhlobo ozimeleyo MPP kwaye sichazwa nje imithombo eligunya, ukufunda esisinyanzelo malunga nezinye iimpahla kunye neemeko ezilolu hlobo).

imisebenzi IPL

Umthetho ngamazwe mihla zabucala ikhona ukuzisa ubudlelwane ngaphaya kolawulo sikaRhulumente ukwenzela ngokupheleleyo. Injongo yeqhinga ifunyanwa ngokuthi ekusombululeni iingxaki ezithile athanda ukuba imbiza ibile phantsi le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• Yokuxoxwa umsebenzi ngumfanekiso ecacileyo jikelele kwamkelwa nayiphi na imilinganiselo imo yokuziphatha ngokusebenzisa imithetho MPP.
• umsebenzi Regulatory ikuvumela ukuba ukudala inkqubo lwemithetho yokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo nobudlelwane amasimi ngabanye elungiselelwe amacandelo karhulumente ngamnye.
• imisebenzi Ukhuseleko isebenza njengesixhobo lokukhuthazwa onke States ngethuba ubuchule ukuze baphile sikhokelwe nezibophelelo ngamazwe ngokuthi kwamkelwe imithetho ezifanelekileyo MPP.
• egadile inikeza imeko kwemaliu amalungelo kunye neemfuno ezisemthethweni kwezifundo unxulumano komthetho zabucala.

Indlela yokulawula ku MPP

Le mbono, ezo nkcukacha kunye phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe zabucala, Kakade ke, kwinqanaba global iimbono zabo. indlela kunjalo, oko kwenziwa kakuhle kuvumela ukwenza ukufumana ezingcono iziphumo ifuthe IPL kwisigqibo sokugqibela kule okanye loo meko. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba izikhundla ezahlukeneyo kakhulu iingcali ngokwemigaqo imithombo kunye ebekele ootitshala imigangatho ubambene IPL malunga izimvo kwi indlela ukwakhiwa. Izazinzulu bathi ukuba kukho ithuba iindlela ngeendlela. Noko ke, iingcali ezininzi kwamkela indlela jikelele kuphela MCHP - ukoyisa iingxaki. Le ndlela yokugqibela ixhaswa ngokupheleleyo ngamanani ezifana VP Zvekov kunye GK Dmitrieva.

Kukho imbono yokuba ukusebenza kolu didi yolwazi kungenxa kulawulo olusebenzayo kwezi zinto zimbini phantsi ingqalelo: collisional zomthetho and substantive. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izazinzulu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo yasungulwa ezininzi iindidi ezifanayo, nakuba kunjalo, bambalwa kubo baye bafumana ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi eluntwini. imizekelo ezicacileyo iindlela ezinjalo ukuzimela kokuthanda nangokumanywa nomthetho.

Zomthetho isakhiwo MPP

Ingcinga ibandakanya MPP engqinelanayo isizathu emisiweyo. Ngenxa yoko, umthetho ofanayo entsonkothileyo abucala amazwe ngamazwe iquka iintlobo imvelaphi yayo, ubume kunye nolwakhiwo imithetho. Ingxenye ekhethekile yale ezimbaxa kukho izinto ezizodwa, equka umthetho phezu komthetho abucala amazwe ngamazwe. Wafumana phantse onke amazwe (Poland, Hungary, Belgium, Venezuela, Tunisia njalo njalo). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuyilwa kuxwebhu, njengokuba umthetho, isekelwe kwinani imigaqo ngokwemigaqo isiqulatho ezimisela imo:

• I lijongene Icandelo lokuqala kunye ingqiqo jikelele (kakuhle, eso sifundo komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe zabucala, imithombo yayo kunye neendlela).
• Icandelo lesibini ibandakanya isifundo inkalo olumisiweyo ka MPP. Ngenxa yoko, ngereferensi kwimilinganiselo ethile ukuchaza umthetho eliphathelele kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo yonxulumano noluntu.
• Icandelo lokugqibela ibandakanya izibonelelo exeshana lokugqibela lokukhonza andigqibe ethile Kwakungokuba xwebhu.

iingxaki Modern of MPP

Kakade ke, nazo zonke iintlobo yomthetho abucala amazwe ngamazwe kubonisa ubukho iingxaki ezithile ngexesha lesifundo kunye phambili ukusetyenziswa kolu didi. Badumileyo phakathi kwezi ngumba wokuba ukuba ifundwe IPL. Kufuneka igxininiswe, kwaye ingxaki ubunye ulawulo umthetho wangasese emphakathini kuba umthetho lwasesidlangalaleni ngamazwe uhlobo linyathelo lokuqala kulawulo kobudlelwane komthetho yabucala ngendlela efanayo. Ngenxa yoko, le yokugqibela akhethwe ezinomlinganiselo indlela engundoqo yomthetho karhulumente wesizwe kunye ngamazwe elaziwayo indima wesibini "ekuqaleni ngokupheleleyo".

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba namhlanje kwihlabathi ichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi, ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ngoko ke, kulindelekile kuphela ukuba ummiselo olumisiweyo ixhomekeke ezongeziweyo rhoqo kunye notshintsho, nokuvumela ngokuthe ngcembe zisondele kumfanekiso efanelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kuxhomekeke kwingcinezelo inamandla yezi nkqubo, nto leyo kunokucaciswa umsebenzi elinemveliso abaziingcali ekusombululeni iingxaki kanye.

MPP namhlanje

ezenzekayo ngoku kuphuhliso yomthetho abucala amazwe ngamazwe akhiwa ngokungqinelana nenkqubo ukuhlanganiswa koqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nokwenziwa ngokwezizwe ubudlelane, nibizwayo jikelele. Ngoko ke, ngaphandle ummiselo ofanelekileyo ayikwazi uphoswe ngokuvisisana ngokupheleleyo iimfuno endalo kwezoqoqosho kunye zobuqu, ibe inkqubo luncedo kakhulu intsebenziswano omabini amaqela ', kwakunye ukwandisa kakhulu imihlaba wesizwe wamalungelo kunye neenkululeko zoluntu kumgangatho ngamnye. Ngoko ke, uluntu mihla idla ukuphucula bonganyelwe inkalo abantu umthetho abucala amazwe ngamazwe. Le ndlela ivumela ukuba aququzelele MPP ukhuseleko ingundoqo kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwicandelo intsapho, abasebenzi okanye umthetho yoluntu, nto leyo inegalelo ekuziqondeni ngcono phakathi izifundo yobomi, ukuyilwa uxolo nobudlelwane obuhle. Kakade ke, lo inzuzo ultimate nje kuphela ngokwemigaqo kwicala ingqalelo, kodwa kuzo zonke iinkalo zehlabathi lanamhlanje.