Inyuso ... Yintoni yintando yeninzi: inkcazo

Igama elithi "intando yeninzi" lisetyenziswe okokuqala ngumbhali waseRoma ongumYuda, uJoseph Flavius, ngekhulu le-1 AD. Wasebenzisa eli gama kumsebenzi wakhe "Against Appian", apho wayephikisana nesigama sabantu abadumile belo xesha. Nangona uFlavius wayeyinkokheli yaseRoma kwaye wayithabatha igama lakhe ngokuhlonela umbusi, wayesazi kuphela ulwimi lwesiGrike apho wayibhala khona imisebenzi yakhe.

Ngoko ke iingcambu ze-etymological zekota. Isiqingatha sokuqala segama liguqulelwe ngokuthi "uthixo", okwesibini - "ukulawula". Ngaloo ndlela, kunokugqitywa ukuba ulawulo lukaThixo luhlobo lombuso apho umbusi ophakamileyo unamandla zombuso kunye nenkolo.

Izibonelelo ezisisiseko

Ngokuqhelekileyo umbusi ufumana isikhundla se-vicegerent kaThixo kwintsimi, ayenayo. Kodwa oku akuyena yedwa inkcazo. Olunye uguqulelo lwegama lithetha ukuba umntu ophakamileyo nguThixo ngokwakhe.

Inkululeko yindlela yoluntu lwangaphambili kunye nolulandelayo ukuba lichaze indalo. Kwiimbono zabantu ngabanye, unqulo ludlala indima enkulu. Kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukuba akukho gunya lithathwa njengelungileyo ukuba lingazange linikezwe nguthixo okanye oothixo beentlanga kwiimeko zeentlanga.

Iokhrasi, ukubhala kunye nenkolo

Ingcamango yentando yeninzi ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nokubhala. Le yintlangano yezopolitiko ngaphakathi kwiphondo efuna ukuqinisa amalungelo kunye nokubaluleka kwabafundisi. Ngokubanzi, ulawulo lukaThixo luyona ndlela yokugqibela yokubhala. Eli gama lisetyenziswe rhoqo kwinkcazo yoluntu yanamhlanje ngokuchasene nezithethe ezaye zadlulileyo nakwi-Middle Ages. Oku kubhaliwe namhlanje kuninzi ngoncedo lwemibutho yenkolo (umzekelo, iicawa), kodwa kunokuba zixhobo zepolitiko - ukunyuswa kweentlalo kunye namaqela.

Ngokuchasene nale yangoku kukho into echasene nayo - ukukhwabanisa. Ngokwale ngcamango, imibutho karhulumente kunye nenkolo kufuneka ibe khona ngokwahlukileyo. Imigaqo yokwehliswa komthetho ibandakanywa kwimithetho kunye nemithetho yelizwe lonke, apho kungekho zivumo ezisemthethweni. Enye yemibono ecacileyo kunye ebalulekileyo yokuphunyezwa kwale ngcamango yenzeke emva kokuguqulwa kowe-1917, xa amaBolsheviks afika emagunyeni abanjula icawa yepropati kwaye ayichitha kwi-bureaucracy. Umsunguli weengcamango ze-secularism ngu-Epicurus, ophikisana nentetho yakhe yefilosofi kunye nabalungiseleli benkolo yonkulunkulu bamaGrike bamandulo.

Imizekelo yentando yeninzi

Inkokheli yokuqala yabizwa ngokuba ngumbuso wamaYuda, xa eli gama laziswa nguJosephus Flavius ukuchaza amandla abantu bakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ngokulandelelana kwexesha, i-monarchies kunye nokulawulwa kwezenkolo kwakukho ngaphambili. Ngaloo ndlela ubukumkani baseYiputa, apho isihloko sikaFaro sasibonakalisa ukuxhaswa kukaThixo emhlabeni. Umgaqo ofanayo unokufumaneka kwiBukhosi baseRoma, apho abalawuli babonwa njengothixo. Uninzi lwawo ngamazwe olawulo lobukhosi. Uluhlu lunokuqhubeka kunye namacalifi yamaSilam, awakuthiwa ayenziwe njengabaphathi bezobuSulumane bonke.

Intando yamaSulumane

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, inkululeko yaseMuslim inokuqwalasela ngokukhethekileyo ukuzaliseka kwemithetho kaThixo. Imithetho ye-Sharia, egxininiswe kwi-Quran, ibophelela wonke umntu. Ngaphambili, loo mazwe abizwa ngokuba ngama-caliphates. Iyokuqala kwezi zinto zasekwa nguMprofeti uMuhammad kwi-7 c. Emva koko, abaphumelele basasaza amandla amaSilamsi eMbindi-Mpuma, enyakatho ye-Afrika nakwiSpain.

Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elide lidlulileyo ukususela ngoko. Nangona kunjalo, umzekelo, e-Iran nase-Saudi Arabia, kude kube ngoku zonke inkundla zisekelwe kwimithetho ye-Koran. AmaPersi angamaShiites, kunye nentloko yabo yonqulo inamalungelo amaninzi kunomongameli. Ngokomzekelo, ukhetha abaphathiswa abaninzi abachaphazelekayo, kuquka abo bajongene nokukhusela uhulumeni.

E-Saudi Arabia, uhlobo lwezopolitiko lukaRhulumente luyindlalifa ye-caliphate. UMongameli unamandla amakhulu, kwaye ngenxa yokuphula umthetho we-Sharia, umntu unokujamelana nesigwebo sokufa.

AmaBuddha

Iingcali zihlala zixubusha malunga nenkohlakalo. Inkcazo ininzi ukutolika. Omnye wabo wabonakala kumaBuddha. Umzekelo ngumbutho we-Central Tibetan, ohlonishwayo kwiimpawu ezininzi zedolophu yangaphambili yaseMibetan. Ukususela phakathi kwekhulu lama-XX, ukuphathwa kwakhe kuthunjiwe emva kokuhlasela kwabantu baseShayina.

Nangona kunjalo, inkokheli yokomoya yamaBuddhist yaseTibetan, i-Dalai Lama, inamandla amakhulu phakathi komhlambi wakhe owazichithayo wonke umhlaba. Abantu babecinga ukuba uyindlela yokubonakalisa uThixo emhlabeni, okwenza inkqubo ifane neenkqubo zobuSulumane kunye nabanye.

KwiSixeko sikaThixo

Isithethe sobuKristu sasibeka isiseko senkululeko kwiprogram "kwisiXeko sikaThixo." Kwabhalwa kwikhulu le-5. Umfundisi weAololius Augustine. Kwaye nangona engasisebenzisi le gama emsebenzini wakhe, kodwa uchaza umgaqo ofanayo ngomzekelo wakhe. Ngokutsho kwakhe, inkululeko yeso sixeko sikaThixo, apho bonke ubomi bakha khona ngokomthetho wesivumelwano.

Abemi bayo abaphuli imithetho kwaye baphile ngokuvisisana. Ngokufanayo nale, kukho kwakhona isixeko soMhlaba. Uchasene nomfanekiso kaThixo. Imithetho ngaphakathi kuye iyanqunywe ngabantu ngokwabo, abathi, ngokuzikhukhumeza, banqume ukuba abakwazi ukuphila ngokwemigaqo yobuKristu. Ngamanye amazwi, bayaphika uThixo. Ngokwe-Augustine, ngokuxhomekeke ekukhetheni kwesichotho, umntu emva kokufa uya kugwetywa kwiNkundla ekhohlakeleyo. Wonke umntu oye walahla imithetho yasezulwini uya esihogweni, ngelixa abo bakhetha isixeko sikaThixo baya ezulwini.

Umsebenzi wabhalwa kungekudala emva kokuba iRome ithathwe kwaye iphangwa yiGoths, eyomeleza isimo sengqondo sobutyebi sombhali. Kulapho, uAurelius Augustine uxoxa ngamandla omhlaba. Inikwe nguThixo, oko kuthetha ukuba abantu bayayithobela. Lo mgaqo uya kusetyenziswa ngabalawuli bamaBukumkani oNgcwele baseRoma emva kweminyaka emininzi.

Kwisixeko saseVatican

Intsholongwane yamaKristu yanamhlanje iVatican. Eli lizwe elincinci kunazo zonke ehlabathini. Lizimeleyo kwaye lilawulwa nguPapa, obhekwa njengoyise wokomoya wabo bonke amaKatolika.

Kuze kube ngo-1929, kwindawo yalo yayiyi-Papal States, eyona nto ihamba phambili kwiminyaka ye-XIX ihlala kwisiqingatha se-Italy yanamhlanje. Le yintando yesininzi. Amandla acingelwa ukuba anikwe nguThixo. Ubukhosi phezu kweVatican bunqunywe yi-Holy See, leyo uPapa anayo. Ukongezelela, naye uyintloko yeCawa yamaKatolika.

Amandla phezu kwalo akukona nje ngokomthetho, kodwa agqibeleleyo kwaye azimele ngokuthanda komntu. Upapa ukhethwa ebomini ngenxa ye-conclave-intlanganiso yeekartinali eziphambili zecawa. Inkqubo yokhetho ichongiwe ukusuka kwi-XIII inkulungwane.

Imbali yePapa

Olu luhlobo lwangaphambili loorhulumente. Ithebhile ekhuluma malunga nokuhlaziywa kwembali yePapa, ingaquka amanqanaba amaninzi. Ekuqaleni babeyiintloko zeentlalo ezivaliweyo, xa amaKristu ayatshutshiswa ngamaRoma kwaye ayenqula unqulo wawo, ephantsi komhlaba. Kwaye kwinkulungwane ye-IV umlawuli uConstantine wayibona inkolo, kwaye uPapa wafumana impembelelo. Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha iyakwandiswa kuphela kumhlambi. Kodwa ngokuwa kwegunya lelizwe eYurophu, iziko leziphathamandla zazibaluleke kakhulu, kuba kwakukuphela kwesihloko esingumKristu esifanelekileyo. Impembelelo yobupapa yongezwa kuwo onke amazwe aseNtshona Yurophu wobukhosi. Uluhlu lookumkani ababebhekwa njengenyathelo elingaphantsi komgqugquzeli lwaluhle kakhulu - luquka amagama ambalwa.

Le yimihlobo yokuqala yombuso. Izihloko zobukhosi zazibhekwa njengabancinci kunamaPapa. Abalawuli baseYurophu baphulaphula baze baphulaphule uYise oyiNgcwele, ngakumbi xa kwenzeka iingxabano. Abapapa basasaza impembelelo yeCawa yonke kwimimandla yobuhedeni, bebiza ookumkani babo kwiintlabathi, ezona zidumileyo ziphela ngokubuya kweYerusalem.

Umzabalazo wokutshala imali kunye neNguquko

Iimeko ezikhoyo zebuKrestu zikhona kungekudala. Ngaphambi koku, igunya likaPapu lalingumngeni ngamanyathelo amaninzi enqulo kunye nabalawuli belizwe. Lapha sithetha ngokubhekiselele kumzabalazo wokutyalomali kwii-XI-XII zeenkulungwane.

Ingxaki ibandakanyeke ngokohlobo lukaRhulumente. Itheyibhile yoluntu lwangexesha elide lingachaza kuthile iiklasi eziliqela: abalimi, abahwebi, amakhosikazi e-feudal. Olu hlobo lokugqibela lwalunamanqanaba alo, ephakamileyo apho yayingumlawuli woBukumkani BamaRoma Oyingcwele (ngokugqithiseleyo ummandla weJamani wamanje). Nangona kunjalo, ngokufanayo, kwakukho abefundisi ababenzela egameni likaThixo. Intloko yakhe yayinguPapa. Amandla ezopolitiko aloo mva afikelela phantse kulo lonke iItali ehlukileyo.

Ingxabano phakathi kweendidi ezimbini zoluntu kunye nezihloko ezimbini zokunikwa ilungelo lokulawula ziqhubeka iminyaka emininzi. Enyanisweni, kwakuyimbambano malunga nokuba i-state ingaba yindawo yokuphila okanye inkolo.

Ekugqibeleni, abafundisi bamaKatolika bawaxabisa amandla ombuso, kodwa ubukhulu bawo abuzange buhlale ixesha elide. Ekuqaleni koKuvuselela kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezesayensi ebuKristwini, ukunyuka kwamaProthestani kwavela, ukuphika ukuphakama koPapa kunye neengcamango zengxowa-mali yaseYurophu (intlangano yeNguquko). Emva kwemfazwe yeminyaka engama-30, bafaka isiqingatha selizwekazi. Emva koko ulawulo lukaThixo lulahlekelwe ithuba lokuba sisiseko segunya eYurophu.

Inkululeko yaseRashiya

Xa ilizwe lethu libukumkani, inkosana okanye ukumkani wayebhekwa njengomphathi kaThixo (umthanjiswa). Ngelo xesha, kwakukho isihloko senzalamizi, ekugqibeleni yatshintshwa ngumntu ongaphantsi kwegunya leSodod. Ngaloo ndlela, umbusi waseRussia, nangona awangakhange alawulwe ngqo, iBandla.

Ngeli xestile le-XIX, ifomathi yezopolitiko ekhoyo yagxeka abantu abaninzi bacinga kunye nabalobi. Ngokomzekelo, iBandla lagxekwa nguLeon Tolstoy, apho waxoshwa khona emhlambini. Kodwa ifilosofi uVladimir Soloviev ucetywe ukudibanisa amaKatolika nama-Orthodox. Oku kuya kuthetha ukuvela kwintando yenkolo yomhlaba wonke. Iya kubumbanisa iibhokhwe ezimbini ezinkulu kwihlabathi, zahlula ukususela ngo-1054.

Ngokufika kwamandla aseSoviet, ukukhutshwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukana kweCawa kwimeko kaRhulumente. I-Russian Federation yanamhlanje yindawo yelizwe apho kukho inkululeko yonqulo, kwaye akukho nhlangano yonqulo inemeko ekhethekileyo.