Ukubunjwa kunye nesakhiwo senkundla

Inkqubo yezobugorha kwilizwe lethu yinkimbinkimbi eninzi yeenkundla ezenziwe ngokuhambelana nobuchule bazo kunye neengxaki kunye neenjongo ezibekwa phambi kwazo. Okwangoku, iRashiya iye yavelisa inkqubo yeenqanawa, okanye kunoko isakhiwo esona sikhotho. Ziyakwazi ukwahlukana kwiindawo ezi-3 ezinkulu kunye ezisisiseko - ukulamla, iinkundla zolawulo olubanzi kunye nomgaqo-siseko. Kule nqaku, siza kuxubusha ngalinye la maqela ngokubanzi.

KwiNkundla zoMthethosisekelo

Masiqale, mhlawumbi, kunye neNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko-le ngenye yeenkundla ezibalulekileyo kwilizwe lethu. Kunoko, yedwa kuphela ebaluleke kakhulu. INkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yeRussia Federation inethuba lokuchazela esidlangalaleni uMgaqo-siseko welizwe, ukuhlola iingxabano malunga nokwahlula kwamagunya kunye nokuqhuba ukuqinisekiswa kokuthotyelwa komGaqo-siseko weemibhalo kunye nemimiselo eyahlukeneyo. Enye yemisebenzi yakhe yinkqubo yokuhlambalaza ngokusemthethweni kuMongameli welizwe ngenxa yokunyanzela okanye enye inkohlakalo enzulu.

Isakhiwo senkundla yomgaqo-siseko siquka iinkundla zomgaqo-siseko (ezisemthethweni) zezifundo. Ziyakwazi zombini, kwaye zingabi khona, okokuthi, ubukho babo bunqunywe ngokuxhomekeke kwisifundo seNkampani. KwiiRiphablikhi ezizimeleyo, zibizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-siseko, kwezinye izifundo (ngoko, njengokuba zingenawo umgaqo-siseko, kunye neeNtetho), ngokulandelanayo, zibizwa ngokuba yizomthetho. Imisebenzi yabo ifana neNkundla yoMGaqo-siseko, nangona kunjalo amagunya abo ahlala esecaleni kwendawo kunye nendawo yendawo.

IiNkundla zoLawulo oluPhezulu

Ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo: eRashiya ngoku isakhiwo senkundla sinokubandakanya amabutho omkhosi, nangona kunjalo, afana kakhulu nabantu. Ukwahlukana kuphela kukuba bajoliswe ekutshintsheni iinqununu zomkhosi (inkundla yenkampani yempi - inkundla yempi yesithili - i-Collegium yaseMkhosi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo), ngoko ke akunakuqonda ukubhalwa ngeenkundla zempi ngokubanzi.

Inkundla enkulu yelizwe lethu kunye neendidi zayo

INkundla Ephakamileyo - INkundla ePhambili yimbutho yokugqibela ngokuphathelele zonke iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, zoluntu kunye nezolawulo. Ngokomzekelo wokuqala, le nkundla ibona indawo encinci yemicimbi. Iqumrhu lenziwa iikholeji ezine-i-collegium, yoluntu, yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemikhosi yomkhosi.

Isakhiwo seenkundla zeRussia Federation sithetha ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe lethu. Kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla (i-republican, i-regional, inkundla yendawo) yinkantolo ephakamileyo yeso sifundo. Ubandakanyeke ukuvavanya konke abangenalo ilungelo lokuqwalasela inkundla ezincinci. Ngokuqhelekileyo, lidlala indima yeso sibonelo kwaye lusebenza kwiinkantolo ezincinci. Inkundla yezifundo iqhuba nenani elincinci kakhulu lamatyala. Ngokomzekelo, uhlola iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxulumene namagosa e-Federal Assembly, kwakunye neenkqubo eziyimfihlo zentetho, naluphi na ulwazi oluyimfihlo kwaye aluvunyelwanga ukudalulwa ngokubanzi. Isakhiwo seNkundla Ephakamileyo sibonisa ukuba ijaji yenza izenzo zayo kwinqanaba elinye.

KwiNkundla nakwizithili

Inkundla yeSithili (inqila) - ukulawulwa kwamatyala eembambano kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho kule nkundla kugqitywe yimisebenzi kunye nemithetho echaphazelekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthetha ngokubanzi, iinkundla zengingqi zivavanya iingxabano eziphathekayo, ixabiso eliqikelelwayo elingaphaya kwama-ruble angama-50,000, iingxabano (kunye nokwahlukana kwepropati), izibheno zamagosa, kunye namanye amaninzi amatyala.

Umsebenzi wejaji

Abagwebi behlabathi - abagwebi behlabathi kwiRussia Federation bajongwa ngamagqwetha olawulo oluqhelekileyo lwezifundo zaseRashiya kwaye bajoyine enye inkqubo yesigqeba selizwe lethu. Inkundla zehlabathi zenziwa yimfundo yombutho ngokwawo, kwaye abagwebi behlabathi bayonyulwa ukuba bathunyelwe kwisithuba sikarhulumente omele umbuso weSizwe saseRussia. Ukongezelela, banokukhethwa kwithuba kunye noluntu lwesithili somgwebo esifanelekileyo ngendlela esekelwe ngumthetho waseRashiya wesifundo. Ngelo xesha, akukho sifundo esisodwa kwintsimi yaseRashiya eya kuvumela, umzekelo, isakhiwo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yeRussia Federation ukuba ishintshe ngokucela abantu, okanye ukuba iinkundla zehlabathi zenziwe ziqwalasele iingcamango kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabahlali bendawo.

Iinkundla zehlabathi zihlola iingxabano eziphathekayo ukuya kwii-ruble ezingama-50,000, kwaye zijongana namanye amaqela enengxabano engekho yepropati (ngendlela yokuqhawula umtshato, ukuba akukho mbambano malunga nepropati), izilingo ezincinci-mthetho, kwaye zithatha amanyathelo okulungisa iziganeko ezibandakanya abantu okanye iinkampani zomthetho ekulawuleni Xanduva. Izigqibo zabo zingaba umngeni kwiNkundla ye-Federal.

IiNkundla zoMlamlo

Isakhiwo seenkundla zombambano ziquka ezi zilandelayo:

INkundla yoMlambo ye-Okrug - ngokuhambelana nobulungisa bokubambisana, amandla ethu ahlukaniswe kwizithili ezithile apho iinkundla ezifanelekileyo zisebenza. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izithili zedolophu kunye nezombambano (ngendlela efanayo nemikhosi yempi, eqinisweni) zihluke ngokupheleleyo kwendawo kunye nezobalo kwaye ziphela ezi-10 zazo.

IiNkundla zeziBheno zoBheno - zenziwe ngamankundla phantsi kolawulo kwimeko yesicelo. Bajonga iingxoxo zezogwebo zeenkundla zokubambisana zezifundo zelizwe ngokusemthethweni, ukuthembeka nokuqinisekiswa. Amalungelo eSigqeba soBheno soBheno sibandakanya:

• Ukuqhuba uphenyo kwisibheno sesibheno malunga nokusemthethweni nokulungiswa kwee-oda zomgwebo kunye nezenzo ezingazange zingene kumandla afanelekileyo kwiinkqubo ezihlaziywe ngamakhotho okubambisana kwezifundo zelizwe lethu;
• Ukuhlaziywa kwezizathu ezandul 'ukufumanisa ezamkeleke ngokubanzi ngabo kwaye zangena kummandla osemthethweni wezogwebo.

Inkundla yombambano yesifundo - kwinkqubo yeenkundla zeli qela akukho zithili zenkundla, kuzo zonke izinto ziqala ngokuchanekileyo neenkundla zezifundo. Iinqununu zokubambisa, nangona kunjalo, ukuvavanya ngokubanzi inkqubo yezemali, nangona kunjalo iinkqubo ezinxulumene nokuchithwa kwabantu boomthetho nabendalo.

Ubume bezomthetho kunye nesithuba sabagwebi ngokuhambelana noMgaqo-siseko waseRussia

Umthetho ubeka ukuba abagwebi ngabantu abavunyelwe ngokomthetho ukuba basebenzise ubulungisa kwaye benze umsebenzi wabo ngokuthe ngqo. Iimeko kunye nemiyalelo yabagwebi ekusebenziseni kwamagunya abo zibophezela kubo bonke, ngaphandle kwemibutho karhulumente, iinkampani zikawonkewonke, amagosa, ezinye iinkampani zomthetho kunye nabantu ngabanye. Ukubonakaliswa kokungahloneli inkundla okanye abagwebi, ukungabikho kwemimiselo kunye nezigqibo zabagwebi kuquka uxanduva oluthile lomthetho.

Imfuneko yabagwebi

Bonke abagwebi banesimo esifanayo. Ezinye iinkalo ezahlukileyo yimeko esemthethweni yabagwebi bemikhosi yomkhosi (yemikhosi) kunye neenkundla zeNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yaseRussia. Ekubeni isikhundla sengabagwebi sithathwa njengophakamileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisakhiwo senkundla, sinikezelwa ngezidingo ezithile kunye nezicelo, ezichazwe kumsebenzi. 119 I-CRF: "Kuphela abantu abanezakhamuzi zaseRussia, abaye bafikelela kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu, abanemfundo ephakamileyo (ngokusemthethweni ngokomthetho) kunye namava omsebenzi ngokuhambelana nomsebenzi wezomthetho ubuncinane iminyaka emi-5, banamathuba okuba ngabagwebi".

Ngokumalunga nale miqathango yomgaqo-siseko, inani leemfuno ezongezelelweyo ziye zenziwa ngumthetho:

• Abagwebi kufuneka bagcine isakhiwo senkundla, kufuneka balandele uMgaqo-siseko weRussia Federation kunye neminye imithetho;
• Abagwebi ekusebenziseni amandla abo, kunye nobudlelwane obungabikho emsebenzini, kufuneka baphephe nayiphi na into enokunciphisa igunya lezobugwebi, lihlazise ijaji okanye ikhumbule ukukhankanya, ukunyaniseka, ubulungisa, uxanduva.

Abagwebi banqatshelwe ukuba ngamanye amagosa, abaququzeleli, abalamlamli, ukuphatha amaqela ezentlalo kunye namaqela ezopolitiko kunye nemigangatho, ukwenza imisebenzi yokurhweba, kunye nokudibanisa inkonzo kwimeko yejaji kunye nomnye umsebenzi ohlawulwa ukwenzela ukuba ukubunjwa kunye nesakhiwo senkundla akuphulwa. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukungabikho. Ngokomzekelo, abagwebi bavunyelwe ukuba bahlanganyele kwisayensi, ukufundisa, ukubhala kunye neminye imisebenzi yokudala. Umthetho uphinde ufune ukuba kuqeshwe ngabanye kwisithuba sejaji abangazange benze izenzo zokuhlambalaza. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umfaki sicelo kwisithuba sejaji kufuneka adlulise iimviwo zelizwe.