Iplani ezinzima "Kyïv inqaba"

"Kyïv Fortress" - a oluntsonkothileyo iinqaba kwikomkhulu Ukrainian, kwabunjwa kangangeenkulungwane elinesihlanu. Oku kuquka: i Museum of kwimbali kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Okwesibini, isityalo "Arsenal", Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, kunye nentaphane yeendonga ukuzithethelela kunye nemithi Kiev.

Le lesikhumbuzo unique

Kuyinto kuphela lesikhumbuzo yelizwe ukuya zokuzifaka apha kwaye enye inqaba zomdongwe ngobukhulu ehlabathini eziye yasinda ngayo namhlanje. Kodwa asinguye wonke umntu uyazi apho Kiev inqaba. Kubhaliwe ibekwe kwi Street Hospital, 24a.

Kukho njalo ekuphumezeni ixesha olutsha ngezakudala ye Kievan Rus namaxesha bamaSkitiya. Ngethuba leeholide kwi entsonkothileyo Kyïv inqaba (ifoto ngezantsi) gun Bulisani nokonyusa iflegi. Kwigumbi iziko, ayinazo ngokulinganayo iimpawu zayo yiacoustic, zomculo nantambama zoncwadi.

Inqaba Kievan Rus: iinyaniso ezimbalwa ukusuka kwimbali

nokuqinisa Imbali yaqala ngenkulungwane 5 emva kwexesha yokubonisela, ibekwe kwi Old Kiev Hill. Ngelo xesha, ukuba okugunyaziswe palisades, iifolo kunye kwenqaba. Kodwa emva kokuba Kiev yaba likomkhulu Kievan Rus, isixeko waqalisa ukuphuhlisa inkqubo kwiinqaba. Zonke iindawo isixeko inkqubo ukuzikhusela ngokwabo. Ngowe-1240, emva kokoyiswa, ezifunyenwe yi Batu Khan, alapho iinqaba. isigaba yabo entsha yophuhliso iqala ngexesha lolawulo Polish-Lithuanian, xa wamisa inqaba (inqaba Lithuanian) kwi Horevitsa entabeni. Ngoxa amagunya karhulumente Russian e Kiev yayakhiwe iinqaba Pechersk ukuya Khreshchatyk. Ngowe-1679 imikhosi Cossack eyayikhokelwa Samoilovych ahlanganise Crypt Starokievsky nokomelezwa, ngaloo ndlela bakha inqaba efanayo enkulu. Pechersk enqabeni kwinkulungwane ekuqaleni elinesibhozo yamiselwa ngokupheleleyo.

le complex

Kiev inqaba, nto leyo ifumaneka kwi Pechersk endulini, iquka la macandelo zokhuselo: Isibhedlele nokomelezwa Vasilkovskoe, kwakunye kwinqaba iShushan. Ulwakhiwo inqaba, eziqale kwiminyaka yokuqala kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo, ukuba kungenxa yokuba i-uBukhosi Russian wayelungiselela ukuba Enkulu Northern War. Further Kiev ichongwe njengeyona ndawo ziphambili zobuchule. Ngowe-1706 Uyeza umzi, uPetros mna, yaye ufumana indawo iinqaba ezintsha. Le ndawo ifanelekileyo wajika Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Kulo nyaka phambi umlawuli yaba ekuqaleni esemthethweni ilitye yokuqala inqaba, leyo kwixesha elizayo uya kuba yindawo le Kiev inqaba. Kwaye mzuzu ngoku e Kyïv nqaba idilesi esimbaxa Kulula kakhulu ukuba abakhenkethi.

Woonongendi njenge-asethi qhinga

Kiev-Pechersk eMonastri, umongo engundoqo ekomelezeni Crypt, ayizange wakhethwa ngengozi. Nguye ukususela ekuqaleni ikhona waba iinqaba robust kunye neendonga ukuzithethelela. Ukusuka yemihla kwakusazeka ukuba sele kwisiqingatha 2 kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, woonongendi Wayengqongwe ezitsolo. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi ke udonga indawo udonga lwamatye, nto leyo 1240 yatshatyalaliswa Mongols. Kwinkulungwane elinesixhenxe ucingo eMonastri i kunjalo eyenziwe ngomthi. It njalo enqatyisiweyo kwenqaba. Ngoko ke, ngo-1679 umkhosi Hetman Ivan Samoilovych ngeenxa woonongendi esakhiwe manzi. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, woonongendi ezikhuselweyo iindonga eziphakamileyo kakhulu namasango eziliqela ukungena neenqaba ezintlanu, kwakunye iicawa yesango okhethekileyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, siye sasinda uIvan Kushnikov, Onufrievskaya, South kunye ukupeyinta inqaba. Ifakwe eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo kwibhanka iinqaba kwicala eludongeni. Iindonga zamatye omzimba, emazantsi malunga neemitha ezi-3 zamafu, waba kubude ezisixhenxe eemitha kuphela ngayo neegalari karate kubekwe iziseko iintetho. Bona ngaphakathi zenziwa ngohlobo Iiveranda.

Indima woonongendi kwimbali enqabeni

Ngenxa yoko, woonongendi kwixesha base Pechersk nqaba inkqubo wokhuselo enokuthenjwa ngokwaneleyo. uhlobo nenqaba Construction inqaba yodongwe yagqitywa 1723. Yaba ukomelezwa ngokwemiqathango inkqubo elijekelezayo lwe kwiinqaba. Oku kuquka zilikhusi 9, omnye polubastion Ravelin, amalengalenga okanye ezinye izinto. Njengoko okuqhubekayo ekusongeleni yokungenelela kwamanye amazwe, enqabeni rhoqo ifuna ukulungiswa ulondolozo olufanelekileyo, kwakunye maxesha kwayo ngokutsha. Xa amahlanu zenkulungwane elinesibhozo, umsebenzi wokwakha inqaba isebenza Bosquet, injineli yomkhosi. Ngelo xesha, le zilikhusi bafumana igama layo ngoku: Spassky, Pavlovsky, ingcamango, Petrovsky, Semyonov, eSt Andrew. De kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba okuqala enqabeni ngaphezu iinqaba ezivulekileyo, ezinye izakhiwo eziliqela kubaluleke kakhulu zakhiwa, ezifana eMoscow Vasilkovsky esangweni, Arsenal House, lowu umgubo, imixube enqabeni yomkhosi. Xa sijonga phambili kuphuhliso izixhobo, kuquka ukwanda kuluhlu ekhoyo inkanunu, sakhiwa ukomelezwa yodongwe Zverinetsky Opperman zesindululo, injineli yomkhosi. Kwathi olwandulela kwiMfazwe ka-1812 ngokukhethekileyo ukukhusela Pechersk enqabeni.

Ukwakha izibonelelo ezitsha le nqaba

Kiev uye sokulahla ixabiso layo zomkhosi qhinga, nokuba emva kwemfazwe. Ngowe-1830, esi sicwangciso yavunywa yi-inqaba ezitsha, nto leyo eye yenziwa Oppermann. Ngokutsho projekthi Kujongwe ukwakhiwa iinqaba Hospital kunye Vassilkovsky. Kwakhona izicwangciso ukutshintsha Pechersk kwinqaba iShushan zibandakanywe kwinkqubo iyonke kwiinqaba. Yaye kude kube ngoku, Kyïv inqaba (iifoto ingabonwa kweli nqaku) inikeza Jonga kwezi zinto.

Kiev waqalisa kwakhiwe inqaba ngo-1831, emva kokusekwa njalo kuxokwa-Vassilkovsky ukomeleza, lo gama ukwakhiwa kwayo ngowe 1863. izilingo Ravelin kunye endlwaneni, manzi, kwakunye ezinde ezintathu. Cherepanov isibhedlele ukomelezwa intaba kwakhiwa kwiminyaka 1842-1849. Oku kuquka 3 endlwaneni, ibekwe ngasemijelweni, manzi, caponier elibhalwe ngokumileyo, caponier kumantla ibhulorho encinane, isibhedlele kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezininzi. Kwakhona kufuphi kumwonyo zocweyo zemveliso Klovsky zaye wakha iinqaba ezimbini, namasango Nikolaev nasemhlabeni ekude kwanekufuphi Caves zadalwa ziindonga ukuzithethelela.

Enqatyisiweyo bokwakha ezinzima "Kyïv inqaba", eyagqitywa ngo gqira zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, yayibandakanya of iinqaba Hospital kunye Vassilkovsky Pechersk kwinqaba iShushan eyombiweyo Zverynets iinqaba. Ke ngelo xesha esebenzayo kakhulu ekuphuhliseni umpu, oko ixesha le projekthi ingazange ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokhuselo esele mihla. Kwiminyaka 1871-1877 imfuneko ukuhlaziya iinqaba wenza ukwakha inqaba phezu kwenduli.

Ngako oko, le Kyïv Fortress njengoko iinqaba zokubonisela nesakhiwo esikhulu, wakha ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane. Iindaba ezimnandi kukuba uninzi izakhiwo zawo aye alondolozwa ukuze amaxesha ngoku.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba complex "Kyïv inqaba" kunye ixesha elilahlekileyo ukubaluleka kwayo kokuqala qhinga, isixa esikhulu yokuzithethelela 4 ngexesha ekudalweni izakhiwo ezinqatyisiweyo nako ukusinda kude kube ngoku.

Meaning Fort e amabali Kiev

Kwimbali inxalenye wesixeko Kiev nqaba isiqu. Phantse 70 iminyaka okuyilwa wamajoni enqatyisiweyo inkampu ngaphakathi Pechersk kungabangela ukulibaziseka ulwakhiwo yoluntu le ndawo. Ngaphezu koko, ukwakhiwa kwawo kunxulumene ngqo vodogona uphuhliso olukhawulezayo, iifektri ngezitena, ukudala ukukhula (Pankratevskogo, Alexandrovsky, Navodnitsky, Klovsky) kunye nezitalato cobbled, eweni emendweni, ibhulorho yokuqala esisigxina phesheya Dnieper. Imveliso ARSENALNY abanezakhono inqaba aba umbungu "Arsenal" zezityalo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le entsokothileyo izakhiwo inqaba luthathwa imyuziyam ethile imbali inqaba, nto leyo ebonisa uphuhliso ixesha iinqaba ziphangwe nemipu smoothbore.

iinqaba

Isikhonkwane indala aphakathi zithathwa njengokuba iindonga sakulukhusela ezinde. Bona ibekwe apha Upper Lavra. Kuba iinkqubo zokuzifaka apha zakutshanje ngamalungu iinqaba nenqaba yodongwe enqaba elunge, isibhedlele zokuzifaka apha polygonal nokomelezwa Vasilkovskoe. Zonke iintlobo enqabeni omzimba, ibekwe Pechersk, kukodwa kudibanisa iimpawu zesikolo zokuzifaka apha Russian. Yena ke, ngokutsho iingcali, babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo enkulu eYurophu ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeshumi elinesithoba. Lysogorskaya qinisa kubonisa neempawu inqaba iinqaba ezisemaphandleni ixesha ziphangwe zokudubula. Ezinye izakhiwo inqaba zinxulumana ngqo kunye imbali imibuso nenkululeko. Apho kanye kukho entolongweni lezopolitiko "Kiev Shlisselburg" kwi banesifo kwinkulungwane yokugqibela wavula imyuziyam "caponier Oblique".

Kyïv Fortress Museum namhlanje

Nyaka ngamnye, Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana izibakala ezahlukeneyo ukususela kwimbali yesixeko inqaba. Esi sesinye sezizathu ukuba lo mzuzu langoku Kyïv inqaba - enye iimyuziyam sixeko kunazo zonke. Zizeyeyona nto umdla yenjongosenzi luthathwa Diagon Caponier, yakhiwa ngo-1844. It is a kwisakhiwo ngeendonga zamafu kakhulu, ogama isisekelo ilitye kunye lwezitena. Kweendonga zayo slits bazifumene kunye embrasures for ngemipu nemipu. Abakhi for easy reference Caponier ledabi ebekwe kwi-engile kwizikhondo yaseYiputa, ke igama layo wabonakala. Zisuka nje, kwaba yimfuneko ukuba yokugcina zokudubula kunye nezixhobo ezingafunwayo. Kodwa gqira ngenkulungwane ye-19 yaba entolongweni kwezopolitiko, ayeba, njengoko unako uthi, amabanjwa ezopolitiko phambi transfer yabo Lesogorskiy Fort emthini.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Oblique Caponier umele omnye weyona milenze ibaluleke gqitha yaye umdla Kiev inqaba. Ngaphandle kuye, xa inxalenye Enkulu Patriotic War Museum, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, kwakunye namaziko amaninzi. Bangakwazi kutyelelwa ngoxa Pechersk, xa isakhiwo "Kyïv inqaba." Njani ukuze ukwazi wonke edolophini, yaye iza kukushukumisela ukuba: ukusuka kwisikhululo sikaloliwe / kaloliwe ithuba lokuba bafumane inani ibhasi-14, inani ibhasi 534 ukuya sebhasi kunye negama elifanelekileyo okanye itekisi. Ukusuka Bessarabki ne Friendship i Peoples ' and Solomyanki ehamba nenombolo ibhasi 450.

olondolozo lwembali

In yabalindi ke iimyuziyam ezimbini azinikele kwimbali iinqaba. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, omnye kubo phantsi komhlaba. Iindwendwe abambe kwifomu ukuguquka kumabanjwa. Ngenxa utshintsho kwi imeko zembali zonke izinto eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo aguqulwe windows kunye iigridi ethembekileyo. Nantsi ithuba ukubona ezininzi ezindala iimpahla, uhlobo, izixhobo kunye nezinto amabanjwa asinda ukuya namhlanje. I-museum elandelayo ngamaxwebhu ebalulekileyo yembali iyunifomu ezivela ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo.

Namhlanje Kyïv inqaba yenye sixeko qembu olondolozo, njengoko nyaka ngamnye, Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana izibakala ezahlukeneyo ukususela kwimbali yesixeko inqaba.

Ingqokelela museum

iinqaba Huge ilitye, ezayame kunye caponiers - it excursions bonisa izinto ezintsonkothileyo bokwakha "Kyïv inqaba." Le nkqubo kwimiboniso amelwe ingqokelela miniatures zembali ngumkhosi Ukraine, ukuqokelelwa eYurophu inkulu "Napoleoniana" division yoshicilelo lwe UPR kunye naye. Makhno. Ngamakrele, imikhonto, crossbows, kunye gakovnitsy Chablis izixhobo ephawulekayo ezilungisele nembono iyonke kwiinqaba. imiboniso Museum babekwa caponiers ezimbini ezithetha ngembali Kiev kunye zokuzifaka apha zikazwelonke ukususela Tripoli inkcubeko de kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ngokunjalo malunga kwimbali ekusetyenzisweni izakhiwo inqaba.