Iqela lamaKhomanisi aseTshayina: umhla wokuseka, iinkokheli, iinjongo

Intlangano enkulu yezopolitiko ehlabathini, ilawula ilizwe, yasungulwa ngowe-1921 emva kokutshatyalaliswa kweKuomintang (iChina yeSizwe yeSizwe) kunye nokuphela kweMfazwe yoLuntu eChina. Le yiqela lamaKhomanisi eChina. Kuphela i-CPSU ngaphambi kokuqhawulwa kwayo ingafaniswa neCCP inani lamalungu.

Yakha

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, ukunyuka kwentlangano yokuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe kwakuboniswe eChina, iingcamango zeMarxism-Leninism zazisasazeka phantsi kwefuthe leCommin and the general situation in Russia. Ukudalwa kweCawa yamaKhomanisi yaseChina kwakuchukunyiswa ngu-Revolution ye-Oktobha, emva koko iqela labafundi baseTshayina baqalisa intsha. Kwadlula ixesha kufuneka basebenze kwiimeko ezingekho mthethweni. Umsunguli kunye nenkokeli yeqela lamaKhomanisi aseTshayina ukususela ngo-1921 ukuya ku-1927, u-Chen Dus waququzelela ngisho nenkomfa yokuqala eShanghai ehlobo le-1921.

Inendima enkulu ekubunjweni kwintlangano eyakhawuleza yaba ngumbutho omkhulu wezopolitiko ovela kwinqanaba elincinane lidlalwa yinkokheli yayo yesibini, uLi Lisan, kunye nomququzeleli wokuqala wee-circular Marxist, uLi Dazhao. Kwintlanganiso yokuqala, iNkcubeko yamaKhomanisi yaseChina, eyayiqulunqwe inkqubo, ivakalise iinjongo zayo - ngokukhawuleza ukwakha intlalo yoluntu eChina. Ukususela ngeli xesha, sele sele kudlulile iindibano ezilishumi elinesibhozo, ekugqibeleni oko kwenzeka ngoNovemba 2012.

Iimviwo zeeMbali zePhathi

Okokuqala, kunye neKuomintang, iqela lamaKhomanisi laseChina laphelisa intsebenziswano ngokumelene nawo onke amaqela e-militaristic - i-First United Front. Emva koko, iminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kowe-1937, walwela amandla nge-Kuomintang. Kodwa xa iChina yayixhatshazwayo eJapan, iCCP yafuneka idibanise kunye nabachasi bezopolitiko ukuvula i-front ehlangeneyo phambi kweJapan. Ngaphambi kokutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwi-fascism (ngoSeptemba 1945) le nto yaqhubeka.

Ngowe-1946, umzabalazo wokulwa neKuomintang waqala kwakhona kwaze kwaba ngo-1949 waba ngumlinganiselo wemfazwe yoluntu. Iqela lamaKhomanisi laseChina lawunqoba i-Kuomintang kwaye, ngenxa yolu ngqoqo, lafika ngamandla kweli lizwe. IRiphabhliki Yabantu YaseChina yasungulwa. Emva koko u-Mao Zedong waqalisa iNkcubeko yeNkcubeko. Zonke izitho eziphambili zePhathi zize zihlelwe kwakhona okanye zinyamalale. Kude ngo-1956, ixesha laseChina lalingacacanga. Emva kokufa kukaMao, uDeng Xiaoping wabuyela ngokukhawuleza phantse zonke iziko zeqela, kwaye ngoko ke iziko zombuso ziphinde zibuyiselwe phantsi kolawulo lweqela.

Ulawulo

Umgaqo-siseko we-CPC unikezela iqumrhu elilawulayo eliphezulu leqela, eliyi-All-China China Congress yeCawa yamaKhomanisi yaseChina, yahlanganiswa kanye emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Ukongezelela, kukho amanye amabhunga olawulo. Le Komiti Ephakathi, apho i-Politburo yeKomiti yeNtloko yeCCP iqulethwe ngabantu abangamashumi amabini anesihlanu (phakathi kwabo aba sixhenxe yiKomidi elimileyo leKomidi eliPhezulu), umbutho olawulayo ophezulu kunye noNobhala Jikelele weKomiti ePhambili yeCCC ephethwe nguNobhala weCommittee Central. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, iBhunga leMpi eliPhakathi leCentral Central of CPC liphindaphinda kwaye lilawula ibhunga lempi le-PRC.

Usuku ngalunye lulawula, lulawula, luququzelela ukuhamba komsebenzi kunye neminye imisebenzi yeCandelo eliPhambili (i-Ofisi yeKomidi ephakathi yeCCC). Ukongezelela, kukho iKomishoni Ephakathi, ephantsi kweChina Yese-China, kwimisebenzi yayo-ukulawulwa kolawulo, ukulwa nenkohlakalo kunye nolunye ulwaphulaphulo olunzulu kwiqela leqela. Kukho iKomishoni yezoPolotiki-zezomthetho kweli lizwe njengelungu leqela eliphambili lomgaqo-nkqubo wezomthetho nolawulo. Ulwahlulo lokhuseleko lwezopolitiko kunye nemisebenzi yokukhuselwa ngokomzimba kwabaphathi abaphezulu yi-Central Bureau of Security ye-CCP.

Imisebenzi yebandla

I-congress inemisebenzi emibili esemthethweni: izisa kwaye ivume izilungiso, utshintsho kwi-charter party, kwaye ikhetha iKomidi Ephakathi yeKomiti yamaKhomanisi eChina. Emva koko iKomiti ePhambili kwi-plenum ikhetha i-Politburo kunye neKomidi elimileyo kunye noNobhala Jikelele. Kodwa phantse zonke ezi zigqibo zithathwa ixesha elide ngaphambi kwendibano, apho kuphela imiyalelo yePolisi yeChina eya kuphunyezwa kwaye izinto ezibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwelizwe kwiminyaka emihlanu ezayo zipapashwe.

I-CCP ayilona linye lilungu eliphambili lezopolitiko zaseChina. Kukho neKomiti yeSizwe kunye neLutho loKhuseleko lwaBantu. Ibhunga leZebutho lezoBonisana nezoPolitiki linelungelo lokuba nevoti yokubonisana, kwaye ngo-1980 iKhomishina yeNtloko, eyasungulwa nguDeng Xiaoping, yayisebenza, apho abacebisi beCCP badibana khona.

Inani le

Ukubunjwa kweCawa yamaKhomanisi yaseChina ngo-1921 akuzange kubonakalise amandla aloo-politiki, njengokuba umbutho wawuncinane kakhulu: iindwendwe ezilishumi elinambini zaya kwinkomfa yokuqala engekho mthethweni eShanghai. Ngowe-1922, inani lamaKomanisi lalikhulile ngokukrakra: belikhulu elinamanci asithoba anesibini. Ngo-1923, iiCCP zazibala abantu abangamakhulu amane anamashumi amabini, emva konyaka-phantse iwaka. Ngowe-1927, iqela lakhula laba ngamalungu angama-58,000, kwaye ngo-1945-ngaphezu kwesigidi. Xa ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Kuomintang kwawa, amazinga okukhula kweqela awazange akholwe, ngowe-1957 abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi bajoyine i-CCP, kwaye ngo-2000 inani labo lakhula liyizigidi ezimashumi mathandathu.

I-congress elandelayo yenkampani ngo-2002 yavumela ukufakwa kwamadoda oshishino kumacandelo ayo, okwandisa kakhulu inani lamalungu alo. Ngaphezu koko, uZhang Ruimin, ongumongameli we-Haier corporation, wanyulwa kwiKomidi Ephakathi, okwakungeyona into engakaze ibe yinto. Ngokomzekelo, ama-millionaires kunye nama-billionaire afika kwi-CCP, umzekelo, uLiang Wengu wazibandakanya ngenxaxheba kwi-congress ye-CCP, nangona wayenomgca wokuqala wee-millionone kwi-magazine ye-Forbes. Namhlanje, i-CCP inabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-85.

Iziphumo zeNkqubela yeNkcubeko

Ngethuba lokusukela ngo-1965 ukuya ku-1976, iziganeko zezopolitiko zaseChina, okubizwa ngokuba yiNkcubeko yeNkcubeko, yabangela umzabalazo kunye neengxaki kwiCandelo lamaKomanisi, okubangelwa yimigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya yaseMao Zedong.

Abaxhasayo bakhe, ngoncedo lwemikhosi yamagosa athembekile kunye nabafundi, bachitha yonke into imibutho yeqela ngaphandle komkhosi, iikomiti zeqela, ezibandakanya abasebenzi basePhathiswa, kuquka namalungu amaninzi asebenzayo, abaviwa be-Politburo kunye neCentral Central Committee.

Ukuguqulwa

Emva kokufa kukaMao, bekungekho ngo-1979 ukuba ilizwe liqalise ukulungiswa kunye nokwandiswa kobudlelwane bangaphandle, phantsi kolawulo lukaDeng Xiaoping, unobhala jikelele ukususela ngo-1976 ukuya ku-1981. Iinjongo zeNkcubeko yamaKhomanisi yaseTshayina zitshintshile ngokuphawulekayo, kuba kwakudingeka ukuphuculwa kwexesha elidlulileyo kwelizwe. Ukuguqulwa kwenzelwa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye kuninzi kakhulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zenkqubo yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho.

Ngaloo ndlela, izikhokelo eziphambili zazimiselwa, ngokubhekiselele kulo uphuhliso lwelizwe kufuneka lwenzeke. Injongo entsha kukudala intlalo yoluntu kunye neempawu zaseShayina, ezibonisa ukuba uguquko oluqhubekayo kunye nokuvuleka kwilizwe langaphandle. U-Xi Jinping, owonyulwe unobhala jikelele ngo-2012, waqhubeka lo mgaqo-nkqubo, eqinisekisa ngezenzo zangaphambili ezilandelayo: imvuselelo yelizwe inokuphunyezwa kuphela yiCawa yamaKhomanisi eChina.

Ulawulo lwezopolitiko

Umqulunqi wezohlengahlengiso nguDeng Xiaoping, oqhubeka ezama konke okusemandleni akhe ukugcina amandla phezu kweenkqubo ezandleni zeCCP. Ubuchule beqela kunye neendawo ezinokuthi zivumeleke nakwiimeko zeChina zanamhlanje ukuba zikhanye umendo wendemokhrasi kwaye zilondoloze iziseko zezopolitiko ezenzile ngaphambili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, esi sigqibo sathonyelwa ngumzekelo we-USSR, kunye nakweminye - imizekelo yaseTaiwan naseMzantsi Korea. Ukuzimela kwamalungu emagunyeni kukubonelela ixesha elide kwimo ye-quo kwinkqubo ye-PRC yomgaqo-nkqubo weqela.

Isiqubulo kunye nenjongo entsha "yokwakha inzululwazi kunye neempawu zesiTshayina" yavela ngokumalunga nesidingo sokuguqulwa okuvela "ngasentla," oko kukuthi, utshintsho kuluntu, loluntu noluntu, kodwa ngokuhlonipha ukuqhubeka kwamandla kunye nokulondoloza indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke inkqubo. Igama elithi "intlalo-ntlalo" liphambili apha. Yingakho igama likaMao Zedong lingaze lucaciswe ngokupheleleyo eChina. Ngoku, ngendlela, izandi ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuzihlonela okungazange kwenzeke ngaphambili. Amandla eCCP abuyela kwiingcambu zawo.

Intraparty maqela

Okuthiwa yi "Peking Komsomol amalungu" - ama-neo-Maoists, amaninzi kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo, ayenzela ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kweendawo zabo zendawo ngokubaluleka kwamaphondo, ngokomzekelo, kwimimandla yonxweme. Bayijonga i-China inkokheli kwihlabathi elikhulayo. Inkokeli yeli qela liyakuba nguNobhala Jikelele weCC Central Committee Hu Jintao. Umceli wakhe kwi-post yobhala-jikelele-Xi Jinping ixesha elide wayebhekwa njengomxhasi we "Shanghai Group", kodwa wangena ngokubambisana ne "Beijing".

Abantu ababizwa ngokuthi "i-Shanghai clique" ngabantu baseShailand, abaphathi beCCP, "babekhuthazwa" yiJiang Zemin , ngoxa beyi-dolobha yaseShanghai, baza bafumana isikhundla sosihlalo we-PRC. Emva kokuhamba kwakhe kule nkalo, intambo yamandla kuyo yonke inkokheli yeCCP yahlala ezandleni zakhe, yonke indawo kwakukho abantu. Kukho kwiqela eliphezulu elinye iqela elibizwa ngokuba yi "Old Dissatisfied," echasayo ukuguqulwa kwemarike.

Xi Jinping

Ngo-2012, u-Xi Jinping waya kwindawo kaHu Jintao, owayekhokela iqela iminyaka elishumi. Olu phawu lokuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu "lahlala": iminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kwalo mzuzwana, bekunqunywe ngokungagqibekanga ukuba uya kuba yinkokeli yeqela lamaKhomanisi eChina. Emva koko wathatha isithuba sesibini - waba ngusihlalo webhunga lempi laseChina.

Kancinci, i-"nuts" yokuziphatha ngaphakathi kweqela iqinisiwe. Kwakukho, umzekelo, imithetho emitsha ngo-2015, evimbela amaKomanisi aseTshayina ukuba adlale igalofu, adle ukutya okrakra kunye nokuya kwiintlanganiso zabafundi. Kwenqatshelwe naluphi na uhlobo ukugxeka inkundla.

Ngokukodwa malunga nokuthintela

Ukongeza, ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2016, amalungu eqela ayavunyelwe ukuba aye kwi-fitness, igalufu, nakwezinye iiklabhu zangasese. Zibekwe lula lula kuzo zonke iimbonakalo kunye nokukhuselwa ekugqithiseni. Izibambiso zibuhlungu: akufanele kubekho nantoni na into engabalulekanga malunga nomgaqo weqela, ubumi bobuhlanga akufanele butshintshwe, buya phesheya kwamanye amazwe, ukungqinelana okungaqhelekanga kunye nabangewona malungu eqela alixhasayo (oku kuquka abamelwane kuluntu, abafunda nabo kunye nabo ), Musa ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zesini, ingakumbi ukuba zingabanikezeli, ubuhlobo bezesondo "ezingafanelanga", naye, akufaneleki. Ngaloo ndlela, uSihlalo weCawa yamaKhomanisi eChina ufuna, ngokucacileyo, ukuqalisa inkqubo entsha yokulwa noqhenko, kunye nokuqinisa amandla alo.

Ukuvalwa kweNkolo kwiCCP

Ukungabikho kwenkolo ngoku kwaqala ukuxhalabisa onke amalungu eKhathi yamaKhomanisi aseTshayina, kuquka namagosa angaphambili. Umsebenzi wezenkolo wabemi abahlala okanye bahlala kuyo nayiphi na indawo ebalulekileyo ebaluleke kakhulu kukulawulwa kwaye ngokulandelelanayo ulandela isigwebo sokuxoshwa kwiinqanaba. Ngokutsho kweReuters, abaphathi abahlala phantsi abavumelekile ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yonqulo. Nangona uMgaqo-siseko waseTshayina ubeka inkululeko yonqulo, iNkcubeko yamaKhomanisi yaseTshayina ilandelelana ngokubanzi nabasebenzi abaye, ngokusemthethweni, amalungu eqela.

Iphephandaba laseburhulumenteni laseChina lasemthethweni lishicilela ingxelo yesebe lombutho, elichaza ukuba abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni babenyanzelekile ukuba bangabikho kwinkolo. Amalungu eQela awanakuzibandakanya imibutho yonqulo, ngokuchaseneyo, kufuneka baxhathise ngokunyanisekileyo ububi benkolo. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi ivumelekile, igxininisa lo mzimba karhulumente, odibene naluphi na umasiko wendabuko, ukuba awunxulumene nenkolo yaluphi na ubungqina. Imibutho yenkolo kwiRiphabhlikhi Yabantu baseChina ngezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo isanda kuqinisa, yingakho iindleko ezichasene neenkokeli zonqulo ezahlukeneyo ziye zanyanzeliswa, ukunyanzeliswa ngokuqinileyo kwazo zonke iintlobo zeentlanganiso zezenkolo nezenzo ezenzekayo.