Isigwebo - yenye eziphambili iintlobo ukucinga womntu, yinto ebalulekileyo lonke ulwazi. Ingakumbi ukuba inkqubo lu dityanisiwe ukukhanya, izigqibo kunye nokwakha ubungqina. Xa anengqondo yomgwebo ukuchaza izwi "ikuthethayo".

Umgwebo njengengqiqo

Kuphela amagama athile kunye nezimvo ngaphandle ithuba wombane okanye unxibelelwano, beze abantu bazi nantoni na? Impendulo ilula: akukho. Ulwazi kunokwenzeka kuphela kwiimeko xa inento yokwenza nenyaniso okanye falsity. Umbuzo inyaniso nobuxoki ivela kuphela xa kukho naluphi na uqhagamshelo phakathi kwala magama. Le manyano phakathi kwabo lusekiwe kuphela ngexesha lwesigwebo phezu nantoni na. Umzekelo, bathi igama elithi "kati", engaquki ethwele inyaniso okanye falsity, siya ebhekisela kuphela isigama. Amazwi athi "ikati imilenze emine" - oku ingxelo leyo mhlawumbi ziyinyaniso okanye hayi nokuba affirmative okanye elibi uvavanyo. Umzekelo: "Yonke imithi eluhlaza"; "Ezinye iintaka musa kubhabha"; "Akukho ihlengesi enye - hayi intlanzi"; "Akukho Ezinye izityalo ezityiwayo."

Ukwakha umgwebo kudala sikhokelo oko kuthathwa njengezisemthethweni. Oku kukuvumela ukuba nzulu ngento inyaniso. Isigwebo ivumela zibonisa ukuzalana phakathi kweziganeko kunye nezinto okanye phakathi iipropati kunye neempawu. Umzekelo: "Amanzi luyanda xa iqina," - ibinzana ichaza ulwalamano lomba kunye nomthamo lobushushu. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo. Izigwebo ziquka ukuvunywa okanye ukwalela ukudibanisa phakathi kweziganeko, izinto, izenzakalo. Ngokomzekelo, xa bathi: "Imoto ihamba ecaleni kwendlu" - ukuthini ubudlelwane ethile lwendawo phakathi kwezinto ezimbini (imoto kunye nekhaya).

Isigwebo - kuba wacinga-form ukuba imvume okanye ukwalela ubukho bezinto (concepts), kwakunye nonxulumano phakathi kwezinto okanye amagama, izinto kunye neziphumo zazo.

izigwebo ifomu Linguistic

Njengoko ngokunjalo ayisekho ingqikelelo ngaphandle amagama okanye amabinzana, okanye iingxelo akukho ziphakamiso kunokwenzeka. Ngelo xesha, asizizo zonke isivakalisi umgwebo. Nayiphi na ingxelo ngolwimi njengoko ichazwe uhlobo esibalisayo, sithwele umyalezo malunga nantoni na. Izindululo ezingenazo ukwalela okanye imvume (umbuzo kunye incentive), oko kukuthi, abo ayinakuchazwa ngokuthi yinyaniso okanye bubuxoki, kodwa imigwebo. Iingxelo echaza iziganeko kunokwenzeka elizayo, kwaye azivavanywa ephethe ubuxoki okanye inyaniso.

Kwaye ke kukho izindululo ukuba imilo ikhangeleka umbuzo okanye isikhuzo. Kodwa baqiqa okanye ukuphika intsingiselo. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba buciko. Umzekelo: "Yintoni Russian akayithandi ukuqhuba nkqi?" - isivakalisi zogxininiso buciko, olusekelwe phezu uluvo oluthile. Isigwebo kulo mzekelo iqulethe ingxelo ukuba naziphi uyakuthanda Russian ukuqhuba nkqi. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo izivakalisi exclamatory: "Zama ukufumana nekhephu ngoJuni" Kulo mzekelo, evunywe yi ingcamango nakwenzeka elo nyathelo. Oku kuyilwa kananjalo besithi. Ngokufanayo izindululo izigwebo inokuba elula okanye ezintsonkothileyo.

Indlela esakhiwe ngayo esi sigwebo

Ingxelo elula ayinalo inxalenye ethile, nto leyo ukuba bodwa. Oku yinxalenye amacandelo nokuba ilula noshowo ebizwa magama. Ukususela ngokombono iiyunithi lwesemantiki umgwebo elula yinto efunekayo eyahlukileyo kokuba ixabiso inyaniso.

Besithi inxulumanisa injongosenzi kunye umqondiso yayo, yona ibe kuqala kunye kwikota yesibini. Izindululo alolu hlobo ziquka:

• Ilizwi ebonisa umxholo womgwebo - esingunobangela elibonisa incwadi Latin S.
• Isivisa - ebonisa into osemqoka luchazwa ngeleta P.
• Bama - ilizwi, eyenzelwe ukudibanisa iikhonsepthi amabini kunye ( "na", "na", "nto" ayikho "). In Russian, ungasebenzisa i dash.

  "Ezi zilwanyana - amarhamncwa" - a sicelo elula.

iintlobo yezigwebo

iingxelo Simple zihlelwa ngokwe:

• mfanelo;
• mali (by umthamo sifundo);
• umxholo isivisa;
• kutshintshwe oku.

Isigwebo kumgangatho

Enye iimpawu eziphambili ibalulekileyo logic esemgangathweni. Umongo kule meko kubonakala ukukwazi ukufumana ukungabikho okanye ubukho ubudlelwane ezithile phakathi kwamagama.

Kuxhomekeka umgangatho nemisipha ezinjalo iintlobo ezimbini lomgwebo:

• Affirmative. Libonisa ukuba ukhona uqhagamshelwano phakathi intloko nesivisa. Le ndlela yokubala jikelele ingxelo okunjalo ifomu: «S P". Umzekelo: "Ilanga yinkwenkwezi."
• Ongafanele. Ngako oko, libonisa ukungabikho naluphi na unxibelelwano phakathi iingqiqo (S kunye P). Formula isigwebo negative - kuba «S ayikho P". Umzekelo: "asingabo Iintaka ezincancisayo."

Loo ukwahlukana kunokuba ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, ekubeni nayiphi na ingxelo eya kuma ngendlela efihlakeleyo iqulethe ukwalela. Vice versa. Ngokomzekelo, ibinzana elithi "ulwandle" kuthetha ukuba sifundo - hayi umlambo, kungekhona ichibi, njalo-njalo. Ke ukuba "akukho elwandle," oko, ngokufanelekileyo, into enye babe yolwandle okanye bay. Yiloo nto mazwi ingavezwa ngokohlobo komnye, elungelelene kabini ingxelo embi.

Iintlobo affirmative isigwebo

Ukuba isuntswana "hayi" akufanele phambi qela, kwaye iyinxenye isivisa, iingxelo ezinjalo ekubhekiswe kuzo Affirmative: "Isigqibo undonakele." iintlobo ezimbini:

• iipropati HIV xa "S P", "inja ekhaya."
• ubhalo ezimbi xa «S ayikho-R", "Soup sisidala."

Iintlobo izigwebo ezimbi

Ngokufanayo, phakathi iingxelo ezimbi ahluka:

• isivisa HIV ifomula «S R" 'Olga watya i-apile ";
• isivisa negative ifomula «S hayi-R" 'Olga akakwazi ukuya. "

Ukubaluleka izigwebo ezimbi axhomekeke inxaxheba yalo ukufikelela inyaniso. Zibonisa engekho kwinjongo ethile into. Akumangalisi ke bathi yoko negative Ikwasisiphumo. Ukusekwa kwe oko akuthethi nto, yaye ziziphi iimpawu angenayo, kubalulekile kwinkqubo ye reflection.

Isigwebo inani

Olunye uphawu ngokusekelwe kulwazi umthamo ubhalo zesifundo le mali. Ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• Single, ulwazi equlethe malunga isifundo esinye. Ifomula: «S (ayikho) R '.
• Private - abo isigwebo ngakwicala isihloko kwiklasi eyahlukileyo. Kuxhomekeka ngengqiniseko le nxalenye ahluka: ethile ( "ezinye S kuphela (ayikho) P") kunye elingenammiselo ( "Abanye S (ayikho) P").
• ziqulathe Jikelele izityholo okanye ukwalela iqhekeza ngamnye kule klasi ( "Yonke S P" okanye "Akukho S ayikho P").

United isigwebo

iingxelo abaninzi zombini iimpawu ubunjani neenkcukacha zamanani. Kubo, isicelo nodidi elimanyeneyo. Oku kunika iintlobo ezine izigwebo:

• Universal Affirmative: "Yonke S P".
• negative Universal: "Akukho S ayikho P".
• Ukuya rhoqo "Abanye S P".
• Chastnootritsatelnoe "Abanye S ayikho P".

Uhlobo lwesigwebo kwisiqulatho isivisa

Kuxhomekeka ixabiso lwesemantiki isivisa na amazwi ekwanti:

• impahla, okanye attribute;
• sengqondo, okanye-isihlobo;
• kubukho okanye ekuphileni.

izigwebo Simple ebonisa unxibelelwano ngqo phakathi izinto zokucinga, nokuba umxholo wayo, zibizwa ngokuba attributive, okanye categorical. Umzekelo: "Akukho mntu unelungelo lokuthabatha ubomi bomnye." Ingqiqo yesekethe Amazwi attributive: «S (okanye hayi) R" (isifundo, lungu, isivisa, ngokulandelelana).

Kwezinto yomgwebo - ingxelo apho isivisa uvakalisa ubukho okanye ukungabikho amakhonkco (ubudlelwane) phakathi kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo (ixesha, indawo, ulwalamano kobude). Umzekelo: "uPetros phambi Vasya."

Ukuba isivisa ibonisa ukungabikho okanye ubukho ulwalamano phakathi kwezinto, okanye into yokucinga, ingxelo leyo kuthiwa ekuphileni. Apha, isivisa evakaliswe la mazwi: "Ewe / Hayi", "lowo / nga ri" "ayisekho / musa ayisekho", njalo njalo. Umzekelo: "Akukho umsi ngaphandle ngomlilo."

Kutshintshwe oku yezigwebo

Ukongeza lilonke, ingxelo liqulathe intsingiselo engaphezulu. Xa la magama "ngamana", "okungenamsebenzi", "ezibalulekileyo" kunye nabanye, kwakunye uthabatha ahambelanayo "azivumelekanga", "akunakwenzeka", kunye nezinye iingxelo evakaliswe kutshintshwe.

Kukho ezinye iintlobo ze imigomo:

• Alethic (oyinyaniso) kutshintshwe. It ubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi izinto ingcamango. Zizilabalabi amagama "kwangathi", "ngempazamo", "kuyimfuneko" kunye nezithetha-ntonye zawo.
• Deontic (olumisiweyo) kutshintshwe. Libhekisela kwikhowudi yokuziphatha. Igama elithi "vala", "kumelwe", "ukuba", "ukuba", njalo njalo.
• Epistemic (cognitive level) kutshintshwe ichaza iqondo ukuthembeka ( "kwaba", "umohlwayileyo", "kuyathandabuzeka" kunye analogue zabo).
• Axiological (of amaxabiso) kutshintshwe. Oku kubonisa isimo sengqondo umntu nawuphi na amaxabiso. Zizilabalabi amagama "nezingalunganga", "lingenandaba", "Low", "okulungileyo."

Binzana umxholo kweengxelo yi kutshintshwe imvume lidla ezinxulumene ne karhulumente ngokweemvakalelo sichazwa umgwebo ixabiso. Umzekelo: "Ngelishwa, imvula." Kule meko lubonisa isimo sengqondo zesimo isithethi kukuba imvula.

Ubume bale ngxelo ezintsonkothileyo

izigwebo Complex luqulathe ezilula, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano yi izihlanganisi ubhalo. Ezi iinyanda zisetyenziswa njenge ikhonkco ukuba zizidibanise namanye linikeza nganye. Ukongeza ankile bokuqiqisa, nto leyo ngolwimi Russian kuthatha uhlobo zobumbano, lisebenziswa quantifiers. Baya kuza ngeendlela ezimbini:

• Quantifier - lilizwi "bonke", "zonke", "none", "zonke" njalo-njalo. Izindululo kulo mzekelo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "Zonke izinto kufuneka ipropati ethile".
• quantifier ekuphileni - lilizwi "abanye", "abaninzi", "kancinane", "abaninzi", njalo njalo. Formula isivakalisi esimbaxa kulo mzekelo: "Kukho izinto ezininzi eziye iipropati ezithile."

Imizekelo izigwebo ezinzima: "Bavuka kusasa yalila inkuku, wavuka nam, ngoko ke zange alale kakuhle."

Ukukwazi agwebe;

Ukukwazi ukwakha amazwi uza umntu ubudala, ngokuthe ngcembe. Malunga neminyaka emithathu yokuba umntwana kufuneka ukuba athi izivakalisi ezilula ukuba sichaze nto. Ukuqonda links ubhalo, imibutho zegrama, i imeko eziyimfuneko ezaneleyo ukuze umgwebo echanekileyo kwiimeko ezithile. Ekuphuhlisweni umntu efunda nokulungelelanisa ulwazi. Oku kukuvumela kwakhe, ngokusekelwe esixhasayo elula, ukwakha ezintsonkothileyo.