Ukukhanya bulumko, kunye neempawu zayo eziphambili

The Age of Ukukhanya eYurophu, kwasekwa kwiimeko ezithile zembali. Yaba ubukumkani ukumkani epheleleyo eFransi noxhaso, kwaye umsantsa phakathi kophuhliso loqoqosho kunye nenkqubo karhulumente kwakunye kuqhinwe clericalism (Edict of Nantes ekunyamezeleni yonqulo irhoxisiwe). Imithombo iingcamango ezintsha zibe umfanekiso yenzululwazi zehlabathi, yamiselwa Newton, kwakunye bulumko IsiNgesi zentlalo (Dzhon Lokk, ifilosofi "ingqondo") kunye French ezamahala-iinkcuba kunye nababhali ezifana Per Beyl, Descartes kunye uMontesquieu.

Ukukhanya iingcinga kuqala zonke senza phambili umbuzo yentanda ingxaki ye inkcaso phakathi ukholo sizathu wabeka phambili njengoko enye yeenjongo ezibalulekileyo abantu babezinikele Isizathu kunye Inkqubela. Ukuba sobulumko IsiNgesi ngubani ongowakhe elithi "ukukhanya" kwakukho nkolelo ekuthiwa njalo-kwikhabhinethi ubhalo, yiEnlightenment French yintshukumo yokwenene yentlalo, okanye "iqela" zobulumko. Bona babekuthanda kwezopolitiko, kufuneka ukufikelela kuluntu ngokubanzi kwaye ibhalwe ngolwimi French eqondakalayo kwabo baqeqeshiwe ukuba ukufunda nokubhala. Umgaqo ephambili French yiEnlightenment yaba inkolelo ukuxhaphaka izimvo kwi yoluntu. Ayekholelwa ukuba iingcamango eziphembelela ekuphuhliseni uluntu, kwanokufundisa uluntu, simele siqale ukufundisa abantu.

Ifilosofi Ukukhanya akunakucingelwa ngaphandle koku, Kakade ke, eyona okhanyayo ummeli wayo, uFrancois uVoltaire. Noko ke, akazange adale inkqubo yakhe-bulumko, yaye yaziwa ngokuba ukulwa nxamnye ekuxhaseni iinkolelo, yiyo lonto ukukhala yakhe edumileyo nxamnye ukongamela clericalism yamaRoma Katolika "Crush i zikhathazayo!" Wanyamezela iinkulungwane. KaVoltaire waba deist e izimvo zabo, wayekholelwa ukuba ubukho fyo kwindalo ebonisa isizathu kunye neenjongo zobukho. Wathetha nabo ngokuchasene akekho, ekholelwa ukuba ukulahlwa uThixo uya hit iziseko yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko uluntu. UVoltaire wazama ukuba ithandwe eFransi ekufundiseni kwemithetho Newton yendalo, kwaye wagxeka ingcamango "iingcamango angaphakathi 'of Descartes kunye solipsism eBerkeley. Kulo mbono ulwazi uVoltaire wathembela Locke and uFrancis Bacon: ulwazi esekelwe kumava, kodwa kukho ulwazi ngokupheleleyo, ezifana nezibalo, ukuziphatha, kwaye ingqikelelo kaThixo. Endle bengqondo, bulumko ekwabelwana njengefashoni ngelo xesha imfundiso yokuba umntu yindlela efanelekileyo ngaphandle umphefumlo, kodwa ithuku nobukrelekrele.

Igunya yesibini eliphelele, nto leyo ibangele ifilosofi yiEnlightenment, kwaye iqela uVoltaire, ngu Jean-Zhak Russo. Eyona idumileyo yemisebenzi yakhe zithathwa "Reflections on the Origin of Ukungalingani phakathi kwabantu", "i-Social Contract" yaye "New ejongene." Rousseau sasikholelwa ukuba engundoqo kwakungamandla awayeqhuba ngayo umntu ingqondo, izivamvo, nethuku ezifana isazela wawo. Rousseau ugxeke inzululwazi lwala maxesha kunye noshishino, ebaqinisekisa ukuba bazahlule ndoda kwindalo, esenza yena iimfuno iisoyi kunye kunqandwa abantu omnye komnye. Umsebenzi-bulumko - ukuvala lo msantsa kwaye kuvuyisa abantu. Kwimbali Rousseau ekwabelwana ingcamango "Golden Age", ukutshatyalaliswa kwipropati yabucala. Eyadlulayo, Kakade ke, sele, awukwazi ukuya umva, kodwa ungakwazi ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye elichanekileyo imeko ukungena kwimvumelwano yentlalo kunye nokudala uluntu abanini ezincinane ngokulinganayo, ukusombulula yonke imiba ngokusebenzisa zimvo yi. Kwakhona Rousseau yaba enye ingcali ye "umzali yendalo 'esifubeni uhlobo, ngaphandle sikhokelo yesithintelo nangenkolo ngqo iingcamango kumava akhe.

ifilosofi Ukukhanya Wakhupha materialists French Way - La Mettrie, Helvetius, Holbach, Diderot. Holbach kwi "System of Nature" kwenza yonke into kwi isindululo kwamasuntswana eziphathekayo nezinto Lamettrie wahlanganisa kuphela izithuthi kodwa kunye neemvakalelo, exela ubukho automatism wezengqondo ( "ndoda - umatshini"). Kwakhona waxhasa ingcamango lophuhliso loluntu ukusuka ezingaphiliyo, "ubukumkani" ngenxa imifuno kunye isilwanyana. Enye linophawu eziphathekayo French ngexesha yi Determinism wayo: yonke into ixhomekeke imithetho jikelele, akukho tyala, akukho njongo kunye isizathu kuphela kunye nesiphumo. Ukufumana ulwazi, ngokoluvo lwabo, esekelwe kumava, uguqulwe ingcinga, kwaye injongo yawo ukuphuculwa woMntu. Kodwa ke imeko esingundoqo yokwazi iminqweno ukuba 'irejista' olujongwayo lubonwe. Noko ke, umzekelo, Diderot, ngokuchaseneyo La Mettrie, wayekholelwa ukuba umntu kwinkqubo enjalo kufana, kunoko, hayi imoto, kwaye ipiyano, kuba isebenzisa inkqubo ngemiqondiso, njengokuba ulwimi (kunye nemiqondiso kunxibelelana izitshixo phezu ngepiyano). Ifilosofi bentlalo materialists sinoluvo of kakhulu- ukuzeyisa inzala, leyo babambisane izinto ezifanayo yaye ngoko ukuza umdla wonke kunye nokuziphatha.

Ekubeni phantse bonke bulumko eyaziwa liphezulu abathi banika ihlabathi indlela kwintanda-bulumko yiEnlightenment, ukuba uyavuma phakathi kwabo ukuba ingqiqo kunye nezimvo ekunene enza eyiyo zentlalo, ukuba wadala iprojekthi "Encyclopedia", lo ideologue engundoqo kunye nomlawuli leyo Diderot. Wakwazi ukuzisa kunye bonke yiEnlightenment, njengoko materialists, deists nokuba ezibhaliweyo amanqaku malunga yonke imisebenzi yezenzululwazi, iimbono inkqubela zendalo kunye nokuzondelela amalungelo obudibene ukugxeka lixesha kwaye wamnika umfanekiso ingqondo yoluntu ngokubanzi. Lo msebenzi yaqala ngothakazelelo olukhulu, kodwa ke uninzi lwabathabathi nxaxheba bayishiya le projekthi ngenxa yezizathu unesimilo zemali lwangaphakathi. Ekhohlo yedwa, Diderot wakwazi ukuba lo msebenzi ekupheleni kwaye ukupapasha zonke 52 yayiyimiqulu "Encyclopedia", eshwankathela yonke inzululwazi lifikelele XVII-XVIII iinkulungwane.