Ityhefu Ityhefu: iimpawu, izinto, uncedo lokuqala, iziphumo

Le Ulutho chemical - isixhobo ayithandayo ngababulali. Wabonakala ngemisebenzi ezininzi eziyinyani kwaye kaninzi unobangela wokufa amanani eziphambili kwezopolitiko. Bona ukukhuthaza ezempilo kunye namadoda recalcitrant ahlambuluke. Ezinye iikhompawundi zalo ukwenzakalisa abantu nkqu hi mpimo lowutsongo, kodwa kwelinye icala, amanzi izimbiwa kunye amanye amayeza aligcine, ukunceda ukubuyisela impilo. Lixesha lokuba ukususa aura imfihlelo kunye ukuze uqhelane nale izinto amalahle kunye eziyingozi.

Ityhefu - into imichiza eyaziwa kule nkqubo ngamaxesha njengoko esiyityhefu. ulawulo lonyanzeliso - 33, ubhekisela semimetals. Valence utshintsho ubukhulu becala yenza kube lula ukufumana iimpawu iikhompawundi, ezinye zazo na ukubulala umntu, kunye nezinye, phezu koko, nokuphilisa izifo ezifana nomhlaza kunye wegazi.

iipropati element

umxholo Ityhefu kwi uqweqwe kancinci. It is hhayi luyasekwa iinkqubo ukubona ngenxa hexa zabo phezu ubushushu, kodwa mlilo iarseniki iikhompawundi emoyeni ngesixa-mali esikhulu. malunga elinamanci asibhozo-based izimbiwa iarseniki, ekubeni le nto ingathatha i Valence eyahlukileyo Kukho. Kodwa ixhaphake kakhulu kwindalo kunye sulphur iarseniki (Njengoko ₂ S Formula _3).

Hayi indalo?

Kubomi ziqhelekileyo nezizinzileyo - iarseniki Grey (ifomula - α-Njengoko). Kuyinto umbala kakhulu ethe lwentsimbi izimvi ngokuselubala ukuba buye bungabonakali xa emoyeni ize igqunyelelwe ifilim ngenxa qhagamshelana elide kunye emoyeni. Kukwakho simthubi, mnyama yaye omdaka uguqula kancinane element, emva kokuphumelela kokuba zokufudumeza hina.

Ilungiswe yi amalahle rocks, esiyityhefu okanye iarseniki lincitshiswe ukusuka oxides yayo enyulu.

indaba

Okokuqala iarseniki - iyityhefu. Ke ehlabathini mandulo, abantu baye basebenzisa eli izimbiwa ukuze iidayi kunye namayeza. Kuba ngqa uhlobo yayo enyulu iarseniki wakwazi ukufumana Albert Enkulu kwi AD ngenkulungwane weshumi elinesithathu. Xa imisebenzi yakhe Paracelsus naye wakhankanya le nto, kodwa ngaphantsi igama elahlukileyo. Kumazwe empumalanga, ngaxeshanye kunye baseYurophu, nayo yafunda iimpawu zezi zixhobo emangalisayo yaye nokuba nokuxilonga ukufa yityhefu. Kodwa ulwazi lwabo akezi phantsi namhlanje.

Njengoko into eyahlukileyo, iarseniki iye lwaqaliswa ngamaxesha etafileni Antuanom Lavuaze.

ubuthi

Ityhefu Ityhefu - hayi lwepaki ngexesha lethu. Kodwa ke kunokuba ingozi yewayini ngaphezu lokubulala ekujoliswe. Sihlangabezana kungaba naphi na:

• endalweni: komhlaba ukuba ondle imithombo nga kudlula kwamatye eziqulathe le sakhi;
• wafumana emsini: ukutshiswa inkunkuma mveliso yityhefu kakhulu;
• ku kwaselwandle: ngokunjalo iarseniki ukuba sivete emanzini abandayo, i-mlilo ibekwe emgangathweni wolwandle, oko tapeworm intlanzi saselwandle esineqokobhe;
• kushishino: Kusetyenziswe njengoko isiqalelo inkxaso ekwenziweni iglasi, semiconductor okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki.

Ukongeza asikwazi, ngaphandle ngabom iarseniki yityhefu njengelinge ngokuzibulala okanye ukubulala.

Le Pathogenesis lobuthi

Ukufumana emzimbeni lwabasebenzi eluswini, imiphunga okanye amathumbu, iarseniki kusiwa egazini wonke umzimba, zingene onke amalungu kunye namalaphu. Yena akanako ukumelana umqobo igazi-ingqondo, kodwa kakuhle kungena ngumkhaya, yityhefu olungekazalwa. Ixesha elide zokurhoxa bangabhaqa ityhefu, nkqu ngeveki emva yityhefu.

A ithamo ezinkulu ukusuka 0.05 ukuya 0.2 grams. Yaye wafumana kunokuba zombini ngaxeshanye yaye, ukuba kukho ityhefu ezigulo ezondeleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo le meko iqatshelwe abasebenzi zolimo, uboya kunye noshishino wentlonze kwakunye neenkampani imichiza.

ikliniki

Xa ithamo ebulalayo ngaphakathi, iziphumo abalindelekanga ukuba alinde. Makubekwe isiqingatha seyure emva umntu eqala ukuziva iimpawu kunxilwe ezifana intloko ebuhlungu, ukudinwa, ukutyhafa, isicaphucaphu nokugabha. Abayi ngqo nayiphi na ityhefu. Yinto yokusabela nje kwimiphumo izinto eziyityhefu. Indlela ukuze uqiniseke Kwathi ityhefu esiyityhefu? Ukunyuka ziquka:

• cramping iintlungu esiswini;
• isisu njengamanzi irayisi;
• umoya igalikhi kwaphela;
• emzimbeni kakhulu kunye linxano.

Kuxhomekeka kwindlela ngokwenzeka kule ityhefu kwindawo yokuqala, ukuchonga iindlela eziliqela ityhefu: zesisu, sentliziyo, wokuchama, luvo. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, elenzeka kuyo ibali nento iarseniki ityhefu ezigulo ezondeleyo. Iimpawu kulo mzekelo nje olukhula ngokukhawuleza kangaka kwaye iqapheleka kakhulu eluswini;

1. Hyperkeratosis: Imveliso ngokugqithisileyo umphezulu maleko kwesikhumba.
2. Ububomvu okanye nombala iindawo isikhumba esibhityileyo - Neenkophe, amakhwapha, iitempile, intamo, neengono zangasese.
3. Desquamation nesikhumba abahlukunyezwa.
4. Imbonakalo lwelayini ezimhlophe isikhonkwane nembasa.

amanyathelo engxamisekileyo

uncedo lokuqala xa yityhefu kunye iarseniki azezi kuhlanjwa isisu namanzi amaninzi, ubahlambe kunye nesikhumba. Ukuba umntu akakho zingqondweni, ngoko emva kokuba vula ecaleni layo, kukho imfuno engxamisekileyo ubize inqwelo yezigulana. Xa kungekho tyala musa ukunika ixhoba isisu okanye sorbents. Ukuba yityhefu sele wakwazi ukungena kwiiseli ezibomvu, ezi zinto ukunceda kancinane.

Kwiimeko kakhulu kuyimfuneko ukuqalisa CPR phambi kokufika oogqirha. Iimpawu iarseniki Ityhefu ngokuphosakeleyo usuleleko eqhelekileyo isisu, ngoko qiniseka ukuxelela zonke iinkcukacha ityiwe zonyango.

Unyango esibhedlela esibhedlele

Ityhefu Ityhefu kufuna esibhedlele kunye nokuphonononga neengcali. Ixhoba kwakufuneka oksijini inhalation, unyango emininzi ezihlaselayo ukususa kumsi ityhefu emzimbeni. Ukuba uhlalutyo lubonisa ukuba isigulana kuye kwanciphisa haemoglobin kunye erythrocytes, ngoko kubhaliwe ilawulwa ngakumbi umxube iswekile-novocaine. Xa umphunga Umphunga esiyityhefu ukuze aphuhlise nokudumba mucosal ngenxa yoko, siye owazixhamla ukuphefumla. Kulo mzekelo, isigulane kufuneka lingeniswe aminophylline, kwaye kwiimeko obunzima ifukama loqhakamshelwano le baphefumla.

Iyeza ezithile kugqalwa "Unithiol" (iziyobisi engundoqo esebenzayo - dimercaprol), lona lubopha izinto yaye yenza ayimbumba ezingenakunyibilika esiyityhefu kunokuba imveliso kwi yokuchama. Ichiza ilawulwa ngomlinganiselo milligrams 2-3 ikhilogram ubunzima bomzimba ngalinye. Phinda inkqubo zonke iiyure ezintandathu ngosuku lokuqala, uze kabini ngemini iiveki.

Ugqirha kufuneka ufumanise ukuba bomelele kangakanani iarseniki ityhefu nomonde. Unyango luya kuxhomekeka ithamo ityhefu. ubuchule Modern kwenza kube lula ukuyifaka kakhulu ngokuchanekileyo.

ubuchwepheshe zomthetho

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ixesha elide ityhefu esiyityhefu babanjwe nababulali, ekubeni yayiyimini akukwazeki ukuba ukubona yoluvo egazini labantu okanye iinwele. Ababhali-mbali bayavuma ukuba UNapoleon Bonaparte wafa nje kule ityhefu, kodwa inguqulelo esemthethweni uthi unobangela umhlaza womlomo wedobo esiswini.

Kwiziganeko ezinjalo abasayi kuphindwa kwakhona, yaye umoni ayikwazanga kufumaneka, ekhemisi kunye zesayensi ezisuka ehlabathini lonke, hayi besithi ilizwi, waqalisa ukufuna iindlela ukubona iarseniki kumzimba kwixhoba. Olu phando yayiquka uRobert Boyle, uOlaf Bergman, uCarl Scheele kunye Dzheyms Marsh. Nantso abokugqibela babo wakwazi ukufumana ngexesha iarseniki ecocekileyo, nenokuthi isetyenziswe njengobungqina imifuniselo yakhe. reactions Ubuntununtunu zokubonisa 0.001g bubuhlungu umxholo egazini womfi.

yiminyaka elikhulu elinamanci kamva iarseniki ityhefu ayisa amelwe imfihlelo uphando, njengoko ekhemisi ziye zafumana nocoselelo ebalalanisa yenkqubo enkulu.

ekujoliswe zomkhosi

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, xa ukusetyenziswa igesi bangena isangqa kuthetha ukuba litshitshiswe utshaba, izazinzulu ngehlombe waqalisa ukuhlola isixhobo esitsha. kuhlaselwa kwemichiza utshaba iikhompawundi iarseniki okanye umphunga yabangela yamathumba, necrosis eluswini, iindumbisa inwebu yangaphakathi, kwangena ke ukufa ngaso ukutsarhwa phambi ityhefu ingena egazini. Nkqu kungomlinganiselo omncinci yayanele ukuzidimaza umntu bambulale. Omnye isixhobo waba lewisite. Yena waba ivumba elithandekayo geraniums eqhubela phambili, kodwa nethontsi oku zizonakalisa kakhulu umzimba. Kuba le ndawo amajoni wayibiza ngokuba 'umbethe yokufa. "

amanzi kwezimbiwa

ingqondo ovunyelweyo iarseniki ilitha yamanzi okusela nganye - 50 micrograms. Kodwa ngo-2002, eli zinga liye zihlaziyiwe, kubangela ngakumbi engqongqo - ukuya micrograms-10. Isithukuthezi ngalo mbandela amanqaku e-Taiwan. amanzi nokususa equlathe isixa iarseniki leyo emangalisayo, bathi cwaka asekhona. Xi yi izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-180 ngaphezu norm obuvumelekileyo ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje.

Kwakukho umbuzo malunga yokucocwa kwamanzi kunye nokuhanjiswa ukuba iinkalo of South-East Asia ngeendleko iphantsi kwezoqoqosho. Indlela elula yaba igcwala of trivalent iarseniki ukuya pentavalent bawabeka khona.

izicelo Medical

Hi mpimo lowutsongo, phantse zonke izinto zale nkqubo ngamaxesha D. I. Mendeleeva ayimfuneko ukuze eqhelekileyo yokusebenza yabantu, akumangalisi ukuba zikhona emzimbeni. Ngubani na beva ibinzana ngeedosi ezincinane ityhefu - unyango? Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iarseniki inceda ukuphucula igazi, ekukhawuleziseni ukutya kwaye isantya sokukhula izicwili, kuquka ithambo. Nkqu iingedosi ezincinane kuphucula kwamajoni omzimba. Kumaxesha amandulo, intlama iikhompawundi iarseniki asetyenziselwa ukunyanga izilonda kunye amanxeba avulekileyo, umqala obuhlungu, relapsing umkhuhlane.

Kwinkulungwane weshumi Thomas womthiyeli wasungula isisombululo ngokusekelwe iarseniki, leyo ibizwa ngegama layo kwaye esetyenziselwa unyango lwezifo zengqondo kunye nesikhumba. Ihlombe eli chiza kunye nezakhi zayo ifikelele incopho yawo apho kudibana kweyama elinesibhozo kunye yeshumi elinesithoba. Kodwa kunye nokuqaliswa ulwazi olutsha kwi-physics, chemistry umzimba womntu emva lonke uhlobo enetyhefu yale compound kuvezwe, nokusebenzisa oko kwaqala ukuncipha.

amanzi ezimbiwa Natural ahlanganiswe iarseniki, yaye ngoku ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga kwegazi, wegazi kunye nezifo ezithile phecana zesisu. Ukongeza, nguye yinxalenye Mama, nto leyo lisetyenziswa zokuthambisa. imithombo yendalo lwesi sakhi zezi kwaselwandle, irayisi zasendle, okuziinkozo, neentlumaya, iminqathe, iidiliya (kunye neerasentyisi), amaqunube.