Ivan 3: Iziphumo zeBhodi kunye nelifa

Phakathi kwabalawuli eMoscow ivelele Ivan 3. Iziphumo wolawulo * uKhesare iyamangalisa ngokwenene. Wakwazi ukuba sibumbane ngeenxa eMoscow phantse onke amazwe Russian. Xa ekugqibeleni lehla idyokhwe Mongolian. Ezi kunye nezinye impumelelo Ivan baba wabulela kunokwenzeka ukuba amazwe yakhe bhetyebhetye nokuba nobulumko.

Imeko yezopolitiko

Ivan Iii wazalwa ngo-1440 xa intsapho Moscow Grand Prince Vasily i Dark. uyise phantse yonke wobukumkani bakhe imfazwe kunye nezalamane - contenders ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi. Ngexesha ingxabano, Basil wabethwa kunye kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe phantse ekhubazekile. Unyana omdala, uIvan baba amehlo kunye neendlebe zakhe. Ndisemncinane yindlalifa wayefunda ulawulo loluntu. Zonke izakhono uye wafumana xa uyise wakhe nayo yamnceda kwixesha elizayo, xa Duke Grand kwafuneka senze izigqibo ezinzima kunye noxanduva.

Nokufa Vasily ngowe-1462 waqalisa ukulawula Ivan 3. Iziphumo ebukumkanini bukayise, nangona ukubambana yamakhaya, ziye emkhuthaza. EMoscow waba iziko zopolitiko ezingundoqo Russian. abamelwane bayo baba zolotaya Orda, yaseTver kunye ulawulo Ryazan, Lithuania kunye Novgorod Republic. Zonke ezi States baye iingxabano ngamaxesha kunye yesicelo, ngoko Ivan Vasilyevich waba minyaka yokuqala wokulawula ukukuqhela nengxokozelo rhoqo kwi-nkqubo angaphandle.

Yilwa ne Lithuania

Xa xesha Mongol umthetho, eMoscow likwazile ukuhlanganisa uninzi ilizwe elo laseRashiya kumntla-mpuma. Ezi iindawo kwintlambo efikelela kuyo iVolga kunye uviko kwaso Oka. Nangona kunjalo, entshonalanga kwakukho omnye amandla ukuba sibe liziko engenye ye Russian.

Yaba Lithuania, leyo, nangona ilungelo indlu Lithuanian yaphawula inkoliso yabantu liqulethe empuma nokuxubana. Ngowe XIV-XV eminyaka. oku urhulumente uye kwi rapprochement yamaKatolika Poland. La mazwe mabini ziye zagqiba nokwakha wadala Rzeczpospolita. Ukuze le manyano omtsha sasithatha begazi Novgorod, elikhokelwa Marfa Boretskaya. ntuthuko ayikwazanga kuthintela ubukumkani Ivan 3. Iziphumo yoMlawuli lubonise ukuba ngokwenene uyazi nokoyikiswa Polish-Lithuanian yaye bazama ngandlela zonke ukuba ukubetha umdlali zakhe "kumazwe etheza 'inyathelo ubuncinane omnye.

Ukupheliswa i Novgorod Republic

Ngowe-1471 Novgorod Prince of eMoscow wathi imfazwe. Ngokutsho ukuzimela uxolo sivumelwano Korostynskomu ingumbuso republic livela yesicelo livunyiwe. Olu vumelwano ngokufutshane ezolile le meko.

Ivan waba iintlola amaninzi Novgorod, wayegcine isimo basebukhosini yasekuhlaleni. Xa Waxelelwa umthetheli malunga iinzame omtsha ukuthumela ngunozakuzaku kukumkani Polish, eMoscow, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukusebenzisa le ukungcatshwa njengesizathu imfazwe. Novgorod phantse kwingxowa ngaphandle umlo. Ngoko ke ngo-1478 ukuba ekugqibeleni eqhotyoshelwe kumfanekiso karhulumente Russian. Uphawu engundoqo inkululeko intsimbi ibandla lasekuhlaleni wasiwa eMoscow.

ngokujoyina yaseTver

Kwakhona ngamandla iimbambano kunye nabanye abamelwane wenza uIvan 3, iziphumo yebhodi elibonakalisa ukusebenza komgaqo-nkqubo yayo ndlongondlongo. Ngemihla yaba iqela eziphambili eMoscow yaseTver. Loo era isemva kwethu, kwaye ngoku umphathi weli ubulawuli uMikhail Borisovich wazama ukuba ndiyilahle kunye yesicelo. Xa uIvan umfana, waye watshata udade irhuluneli yaseTver Mary. Esi sibini waba ngunyana kuphela. Kwakhona uIvan. Kwicala koomama, lo mfana waba ndasukuzana ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi saseTver.

Xa uMichael wazama ukuya ukuba rapprochement kunye ePoland, ngoko uIvan wahamba womkhosi ikomkhulu lakhe. YaseTver prince, eqonda amandla ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe, wabalekela kwenye indawo. Ngoko ke ngo-1485, uIvan wakwazi ukujoyina ilifa lakhe ngaphandle imfazwe.

Kwangaxeshanye, indawo ingumbuso malunga eMoscow nezinye izixeko Russian "elizimeleyo" - Pskov kunye Ryazan. Le mpumelelo sisiphumo wokulawula Ivan 3. Le tafile yamanani ibonisa indlela iziganeko eziphambili enxulumene ulawulo lwakhe.

Isiphelo edyokhweni khan

Omnye umba obalulekileyo ixesha elide yaba isisongelo Tatar-Mongol ukuya lonke abantu Russian. Kangangethuba elide khans eqokelelweyo irhafu zizikhulu Slavic. Ngowe-1380, nguDmitry Donskoy yoyisa AmaTatar kwi Idabi Kulikov. Ukususela ngoko, impembelelo yabo buthathaka kakhulu, nto leyo kukuqhekeka yezopolitiko Golden mkhosi. Iimpawu kunye isiphumo wobukumkani Ivan 3 kwisigqibo sokugqibela le ngxaki.

I-Khan lokugqibela, wazama ukuba uviko kwabo kwenene Moscow, waba Khan Big mkhosi Akhmat. Ayisekho owned eSiberia, eCrimea kunye Nogais, neyezingaphambili, kodwa kunjalo ziyingozi. Ngowe-1480 waya hambo kwi eMoscow. Ivan waya ukubonakalisa utshaba kumaqela kwakhokelela. Imikhosi ezimbini zema kumacala malunga ye Ugra umlambo, yaye akazange babesilwa kwi Battle of nazigqibo Ahmat. Eqonda ukuba yena akakwazi sdyuzhil nesikhulu, wajika wabuyela. Emva kwesi siganeko, idyokhwe Tatar-Mongol ekugqibeleni lehla. Iziphumo wokulawula Ivan 3, ngokufutshane, walala kuloo yokuba unako ukukhusela eMoscow evela izisongelo amazwe. Inkulu wafa ngo-1505, lwesenzeko uloyiso zabo kunye nempumelelo.