Absoljutizm Bafunde uCatherine II

Utshintsho ukusuka ngendlela izinduna ukuba kobungxowankulu kumazwe amaninzi kwenzeka nxamnye imvelaphi yokuzalwa yiEnlightenment ideology. In Russia eli xesha kwenzeke kule minyaka ingama-60 leminyaka XVIII - wolawulo uCatherine Omkhulu.

absolutism ukukhanyiselwa - ukumkani isekelwe phezu ngcinga yiEnlightenment. izimvo zalo ezisisiseko yile ilandelayo: umntu ixabiso eliphezulu, iminqweno yakhe ngaphezu kurhulumente; abantu bayalingana amalungelo abo kungakhathaliseki lifa; Society kufuneka luphuculwe, kwaye indima ephambili kule kufuneka wenze inzululwazi kunye nomthetho. Xa ukukhanya konke oku sele ingcamango ethandwayo of "bulumko etroneni".

absolutism ukukhanyiselwa of uCatherine waphawulwa ngokuphumeza amanyathelo ngokomdla karhulumente kunye nabalawulayo (yezikhulu). Baya negalelo kuphuhliso kobungxowankulu eminqubeni, kodwa oko akuthethi ithathele ingqalelo ezininzi izinto ezenzeka kubomi ngelo xesha.

Sele ngemihla wokuqala wobukumkani bakhe, uCatherine waqala iihambo ezininzi kweli lizwe (Rostov, Yaroslavl, amaphondo lweBaltic, ngemoto kwi Ladoga Canal, ngoko phezulu iVolga Simbirsk). Wandula ke waqonda ukuba inkcubeko yabantu iphantsi kakhulu, wakhawuleza "darn ulawulo izikhewu ezibukhali" (Klyuchevskii).

absolutism ukukhanyiselwa of Catherine-mbali obizwa ngokuba "age yegolide." UKumkanikazi wafuna ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso eluntwini Russian ngendlela kwindaleko, phantsi kweliso "narodolyubivogo" kumkani. Noko ke, akazange afune ukutshintsha indlela yoluntu; ubukhosi yachuma ngeendleko Ukuxelenga le ngamakhoboka kunye nabasebenzi, kunye itrone yayisekelwe asebukhosini, oko ligwiba iphambili absolutism.

An ingcamango ntoni ukwenzela ukuchuma kurhulumente, uKumkanikazi zikhuliswe ezisekelwe kwiimbono avela imisebenzi European yiEnlightenment.

UCatherine wazama Nokwethisa i "ilifa kolawulo elidlulileyo" ezingemnandi kweli lizwe. Yena wabuyela nazomeleza arhente zikarhulumente ukuba sidalwe phantsi uPetros Yokuqala. INdlu Yeengwevu yayahlulwe kumasebe amathandathu. UMantyi oyiNtloko yabuyiselwa, Berg-ibhodi, ibhodi-Manufaktur. Inkqubo yinye laqhubeka ukulawula bureaucracy, ukutshona Hetman Ukraine.

absolutism ukukhanyiselwa ye uKumkanikazi yayisekelwe ingqondo yakhe buqu imiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe. Ngowe-1767, iKomishoni enkantolo ukuphuhlisa iseti entsha lwemithetho. Ngowe-1775, utshintsho kulawulo ngoMay. Inani amaphondo. Bona olawulwa irhuluneli, kunye neqela kumaphondo ezininzi - kwabalawuli-jikelele. Industry, iinkcitho kunye kwemali baqalisa ukuhlala Exchequer, izibhedlele kunye nezikolo - IMbasa wokunceda uluntu. Ukususela kulawulo iinkundla bahlukaniswa.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, inkqubo yolawulo yonke yaba uniform, iirhuluneli ayamileyo ngoko kwabalawuli zeekholeji engundoqo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, uKumkanikazi.

Ngowe-1779 kwathiwa esayiniweyo yapapashwa umthetho phezu kuvulwa kwamashishini mveliso simahla. Abarhwebi kunye amagcisa athe wafumana izibonelelo ezithile. Kulo mzekelo, nabanumzana ngo-1785 wanikwa "Iileta lomenzi", nto leyo ngesamente amalungelo abo wobukhosi.

Ngoko ke, lo absolutism ukukhanyiselwa ye uKumkanikazi kunye nkqubo ziyaphikisana kakhulu. Kwelinye icala, ukuba luphawulwa isibhengezo iinyaniso bulumko emfundo ephambili, kwelinye icala - ulondolozo lobuzwilakhe, ukongamela yezikhulu kunye serfdom.

absolutism ukukhanyiselwa of uCatherine II luphela kube nefuthe elihle kuphuhliso alo ilizwe: anda nommandla wayo, ukwanda kwabantu, ukwanda mali yengeniso. Nangona kunjalo, le meko abantu bahlala ngxaki. Ngelo xesha enamandla umlimi imfazwe ekhokelwa yi-EI Pugachev. imibuzo angxamisekileyo ziye isekho ngokupheleleyo. Urhulumente uhlala yedwa kwaye feudalistic.