Izakhiwo eSoviet: inkcazelo, imbali kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Ulwakhiwo uluntu elitsha kufuneka ziboniswe kwi inkcubeko yelizwe jikelele kunye bokwakha ngokukodwa. izakhiwo eSoviet kuphunyeziwe amanqanaba eziliqela zophuhliso, yena wayesazi amahla ndinyuka, kodwa kunjalo ibe isiganeko esithile kwi bokwakha lwehlabathi. Kwi-USSR, kwakukho abakhi eziliqela elona zinga liphezulu, yaye namhlanje isithuba enkulu post-eSoviet, ungabona obukhulu ezininzi lomhlaba wonke. Thina achaza indlela indlela zezinga izakhiwo Soviet, yaye siye savela ngayo.

Iimpawu kunye Imisebenzi izakhiwo Soviet

Emva kokuba October Revolution ka-1917, urhulumente omtsha eli liqalise utshintsho kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Kuba xa yonke into akubanga phezulu ukuya lwezakhiwo, kodwa kwakhawuleza kwacaca ukuba yena, naye, kufuneka enze umsebenzi yembono, njengoko bonke abanye ubugcisa. Kwiminyaka engama-20 phambi labazobi azizange ukubeka ngqo umsebenzi wokusungula isithuba esitsha, kodwa abasunguli ngokwabo waziva ngamandla ukuba ixesha ngeendlela ezintsha waza waqalisa ukufuna amazwi iimbono utshintsho. Kodwa kamva izakhiwo eSoviet yayenzelwe ukuba bakhonze iingcinga socialism. Zonke art eSoviet Union ukungqina kuphela indlela echanekileyo zophuhliso - a yobusoshiyali. Oku kwakhokelela iimpawu eziphambili lwezakhiwo eSoviet, kwafuneka osoloko ukuba yembono kakhulu, kodwa yokugqibela - ezintle. Ukuba ekuqaleni, yiko bakwazi ukudibanisa nangoku ukukhetha ingcamango ubuhle waza ngokuthe ngcembe wanika indlela eya bayo of the ngevangeli, yaye oku kwakhokelela ekwehleni isakhono izakhiwo enkulu.

angumfanekiso zembali

Uphuhliso lwezakhiwo eSoviet sele kudlule izigaba ezininzi. Imvelaphi yale meko linxulunyaniswa isithuba 20 - ekuqalekeni 30, xa kukho uphendlo esebenzayo yeefomu ezintsha, reinvents ubuchule ezaziwa ngokwakha. Ngeli xesha wambumba imiyalelo ezimbini eziphambili lwemithombo avant-garde eSoviet: Unxibelelaniso kunye rationalism. Ekupheleni kwale 30 kuyacaca ukuba avant-garde ayikho endleleni eya inkcubeko eSoviet eceleni. It uqalisa ukwakha izakhiwo ezitsha, nto leyo ujolise ekubhiyozeleni ubukhulu kunye iimpumelelo ingcamango yali. Ukuphunyezwa nezimvo kwexesha kuthintele Second World War, emva koko ixesha entsha bokwakha. Akupheleli kuphela nokubuyiselwa imizi wabatshabalalisa, kodwa ukudalwa kwindawo entsha eza kuxhasa umntu ikratshi kwilizwe labo. Ibe phezu kwesi siseko yembono ukhandwa ubukhosi Stalin kaThixo, kunye olungaka yayo ngenxa isikali. Ingqalo 60s kubaxa ingxaki izakhiwo zokuhlala. Abantu babehlala kwiimeko subhuman, yaye oku akuyi kubalelwa kumnini-ngokutsha post-imfazwe. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukusombulula ingxaki ukwakhiwa kwezindlu abaninzi. Le ngxaki isonjululwe yokwandisa iiprojekthi zitshiphu. Yaba yintlekele nakubugcisa eSoviet. leyo eye ukhethe eyona ndlela wophuhliso kwaye ke emva kokuba isisiFrentshi iintlobo zazo esebenzayo yokwakha.

Zonke iinzame Indalo abayili eyaziwayo kakhulu kwaye iyingozi. Yintoni eyenza abasunguli ukuzibandakanya "bokwakha bephepha", okt. E. Ukwakha iiprojekthi kunye kungekho themba ukuqonda. Kule 80, abakhi Soviet sibazi crisis ezayo. Ngelo xesha, ukuba alawulwa boqobo, iprojekthi okutshatyalaliswa. Architecture baguquka ukusuka yobugcisa ukuya izakhono zokuzoba elula. Yena waye waqala kuvela ingxaki de kube sekupheleni 90, kodwa elo xesha post-eSoviet.

avant-garde Soviet

Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Civil, kwakukho umbuzo malunga ngokubuyiselwa eMoscow. Ngeli xesha bokwakha eli lizwe liqulunqe iindlela ezintsha ezimbini: Unxibelelaniso kunye rationalism. Bona sadalwa nabayili ezibalaseleyo evelayo phakathi izithethe Russian kanye zaseYurophu, kodwa babona imfuneko ukwenza ngokwakha elitsha ukuba wayeza kudibana izinto ezintsha. Ngoxa abasunguli baye bathabatheka ingcamango ekudaleni uluntu elitsha kwaye ukuyilwa kwento ethile, abantu entsha ivumelane.

Constructivists ekhokelwa abazalwana Vesnin, uKonstantin Melnikov, Moisei Ginzburg wayekholelwa ukuba nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kufuneka ihlangane lo msebenzi. Benqaba ukuqhubeka zembali, indima engundoqo wanikela uyilo elilula ubuncinane yomhombiso. Enkosi kuwo eSoviet avant-garde Architecture natyetyiswa izibonelelo ezifana indlu ngeenxa K. Melnikov e Moscow, kwakhiwe iphephandaba "Izvestia", i-Palace of Culture ZIL, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Isalathiso waviwa kakhulu ezifunyenwe yi bezakhiwo amasebe awo eLeningrad, eKharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. Emizini amaninzi USSR kunye namhlanje singakwazi ndincome izakhiwo constructivist.

Owesibini avant-garde ulwalathiso, rationalism, ikhokelwa ngu-uN Ladovsky kunye B. Krinsky, wafumana ukuphunyezwa encinci kune Unxibelelaniso. Ke isikakhulu zibonwa kumsebenzi wokwakha akhawunti kwingcingane okuqonda mntu. Ekuqaleni imi--30 loMthetho avant-garde liye waqaphela ideologically yayintsha zobugcisa eSoviet yaye ngokukhawuleza abasekho. rationalism kamva "yesiqhelo" kunye iingcamango yakhe ngokubanzi ezisetyenziswa bokwakha kwi 60s.

30-40s Architecture

Ngeminyaka yee-30 ezakhiwe Soviet engena ixesha elitsha. Amandla entsha ekhulisa imfuno ngokutsha enkulu zokuhlala kunye nezakhiwo zoluntu, ulwakhiwo uhlobo olutsha kweendawo, ezifana umhlaba womboniso lezolimo. Phambili ubuchule emveli kunye neendlela. Xa intloko wezakhiwo traditionalist ifumana isikolo kakhulu endala Neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Retrospektivist imibono yabo, yena ubuyela abonisa uthando yesizwe lwemihlathi, pilasters, nezingqameko, njl Ngeli xesha, baphenjelelwa ngakumbi ngamandla Unxibelelaniso, kodwa kwithambeka ezakudala kuya ngokucacileyo. Phambi Second World War kweli lizwe, ingakumbi eMoscow, kukho ulwakhiwo. ENEA abonakale ezintsonkothileyo, Library State. Lenin, wakha eziliqela Moscow kwizitishi metro. EKharkov, zakhiwe lomculo Dzerzhinsky Square. E Yerevan, kukho House Government. Kwimephu ye-USSR, mzi, apho uceba ukuthatha ingcamango izakhiwo ezitsha. Yiyo leyo Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Magnitogorsk, iyavuma. Ngaphambi kwemfazwe, malunga ne-170 million zakhiwa kwi square lizwe. iimitha kwezindlu. Ngcembe ebumba, indlela entsha ombuso eSoviet Union.

umbuso Stalin kaThixo

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II imbali lwezakhiwo Soviet wangena kwinqanaba elitsha. Kwathatha lukhulu kwezibonelelo ukwakha imizi kutshatyalaliswa. Ngeminyaka yee-40 eSoviet Union ayila yesibini emva Unxibelelaniso "okukhulu" bokwakha - ubukhosi Stalin kaThixo. Uye kudityaniswe iindlela ezininzi: Classicism, ezimbejembeje, Art Deco uBukhosi. It waphawulwa umda, nengxolo, ubuhle. Buildings kule isimbo zaye eyenzelwe ukubonisa isikali uloyiso waseSoviet nempumelelo. Uphawu le isimbo waduma Moscow "intengiso egqiba": Moscow State University, ihotele 'Ukraine ", Ministry of Foreign Affairs and nabanye. ubukhosi Stalin baba indlela lubalaseleyo kangangeminyaka eli-150, nto iye yatshintsha ubuso lizwe. iye ivele izakhiwo kaStalin phantse kuzo zonke izixeko zeli lizwe.

izakhiwo zokuhlala Mass

Kweli xesha kwemfazwe na ingxaki yezindlu oyingozi. Kodwa kule minyaka ingama-50 lweenkokheli zalo ababa isigqibo, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubuyisela izibonelelo kwimveliso. Kodwa 60s ukuba elinye isigqibo kwalo msebenzi kwakungenakwenzeka. Kanye ngeli xesha yafikelela esiphelweni ixesha kukaStalin kunye Khrushchev wabiza ubuninzi ukunciphisa iindleko zokwakha zokuhlala. Esungula Kwakhona umzabalazo nxamnye 'ukuzinkcinkca zobugcisa ", umfuziselo kucetyiswa ukuba athathe Quarters French functionalism. Ngoko kwakukho i Cheryomushki odumileyo, umzekelo imeko yokuphila entsha. Kwikota yokuqala thina ukuba izinto kweziseko zentlalo kunye izakhiwo kufuneka abonelele indawo ubuncinane ummi ngamnye.

60-80s Architecture

Ukususela ngasekupheleni nenani-60 uqala a flow-umgca yezindlu umgangatho wokwakha omkhulu. Kuzo zonke izixeko needolophu eSoviet Union kukho izindlu ukusuka iinkcukacha ezihlangeneyo eziphathekayo. Ulwakhiwo fast, abantu zokuhlala. Kodwa ukusebenzisa igama elithi "izakhiwo" kwisakhiwo kunzima, ekubeni isakhiwo enyanyeni ngokupheleleyo kunye iyunifomu. Ngoko ke sesakhiwo kwisithili yiSoviet loyilo umgangatho na sixeko ngathi ertyisi emibini pod efanayo kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala. Yilaa ngayo wahleka umlawuli bhanya UEldar Ryazanov kwi film "loMbhiyozi IliShwa." Ulwakhiwo enkulu kunye ekulweni extravagances bokwakha kukhokelele kwinto yokuba i-80 th konyaka isenzeko lwezakhiwo eSoviet lwaba nto. Kakade ke, kukho abathile abasunguli kunye nezakhiwo elingene ingqalelo, kodwa bokwakha Sisonke ekwintlekele enzulu. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ohleliyo ubuchule bokwakha xa babehamba iingqukuva ezisemantloko amaphondo kunye Federal Republic.

"Paper" bokwakha

Kule 80, xa izakhiwo esemthethweni ixesha yiSoviet ibe nengxaki, kukho le meko ingaqhelekanga. bezakhiwo Young ngelo xesha ayikwazanga ukubala nje ekuphunyezweni izimvo zabo, kodwa ukuqaphela lwabo. Ngenxa yoko, bathe bakuyila iiprojekthi ephepheni, badla wabathumela ukuba ukhuphiswano ezahlukeneyo amazwe lokuwina amabhaso. Kule ndawo kuphuhlisa isizukulwana lonke nabayili ezilungileyo. Ingaba wabaseki intshukumo A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, uMikhail Belov, Yu AVVAKUMOV, M. Kharitonov. Abakhi eziphuhliswe nendlela yabo aveza izimvo. Ekubeni babeqinisekile ukuba iiprojekthi ziza alukhange luqokeleleke ndaweninye, wagxila le ntetho olubonakalayo le mbono. Inkoliso yezi labazobi empembelelo yazo iingcinga yamandulo, nangona kaninzi bayile lwekamva.

Abakhi best of the USSR

Ulwakhiwo yiSoviet kwisiqingatha sokuqala yembali yayo liqulunqe enkosi nobuchule bezakhiwo abo bafunda kunye ifomu nakumaxesha asebukhosini. Xa esi sizukulwana iphelile, kuza ixesha elifutshane ezizolileyo. Kodwa kungekudala ekhula iqela elitsha nabayili zihambisa iingcamango ezintsha kunye nemingeni emitsha. Abanye abakhi intle ziingcali USSR bathi K. Melnikova, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev. Ezi constructivists zenza nokuzingca okukuko zelizwe lethu bokwakha lwehlabathi. Kwakhona phakathi best bokwakha basekhaya zezona N. Ladovsky, Rerberg, bazalwana Vesnin, Alexander Krasovsky. igalelo elikhulu ukuyilwa komfanekiso izixeko ezininzi Soviet baye I. Zholtovsky, VN Bake, AN Dokuchaev lofan B., B. Krinsky. Xa amaxesha Soviet, siye bakha wezakhiwo owaba ithuba yokuguqula isithuba post-eSoviet emva ngokutsha. Phakathi kwabo kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye Utkin, A. Brodsky, kaYuri Grigoryan.

anika umdla

ESoviet-era sesakhiwo lizele izinto ezinomdla kunye izibakala. Ngoko ke, ndlu ngeenxa K. Melnikov yenye intle kwihlabathi ezikhumbuzo Constructivist. umyili Outstanding global Le Korbyuze watyelela eMoscow izihlandlo ezithathu, ukuba bakhuthaze iingcamango ezintsha. Kule 30 iprojekthi enkulu lwezakhiwo eSoviet zadalwa - Ibhotwe lalibizwa qumrhu, okuphakama yayiza kuba iimitha ezingama-400, 100 imigangatho. Ukufezekisa oku, oko yasha nguKristu uMsindisi Cathedral, kodwa waqonda isicwangciso wayengekho.