Kwigumbi bubble: umgaqo ukusebenza, kwisekethe isixhobo. Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo kwegumbi kwiqamza

Emva phaya kwinkulungwane yama-20 kokusungulwa kwigumbi kwiqamza - isixhobo ukuba ngenkuthalo ukuze babone microparticles. Ubukhulu becala ke uye esetyenziswa yi zesayensi ababona sekuba. Nanamhlanje, nangona kuphuhliso elikhulu yobugcisa kunye nokufumaneka boluvo ezahlukeneyo elektroniki, abafundi abonisa iifoto amasuntswana wenza usebenzisa maqampu.

Malunga nendlela kwakukho camera

Njengokuba sibonile ngentla apha, kwinkulungwane yama-20, yaye wayila ibonakala. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba izazinzulu emzimbeni akwazi ukuphatha ukuhlola amasuntswana ebizwayo detectors ezikhoyo. Ngelo xesha, wonke umntu wayesazi indlela Proton, neutron, electron kunye i. Ngowe-1950, ukusombulula imbambano baxoxa D. Glaser. Izazinzulu uzama ukusebenzisa reactions zombini imichiza kwaye emzimbeni, umbane kunye engamanzi kwakunye ukuguqulwa esiqinileyo. Kodwa wagqiba ekubeni uhlale kwizimanga elulwelo, ukuba ngqo ngakumbi, kumgaqo zokusebenza nobushushu umxube. Iimfuneko ezisisiseko Donald kwandlalwa wokusungula - ngesantya impendulo ophezulu, nto leyo evumela ukuba zifake kwisuntswana kwi ifoto ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kakade ke, egumbini bubble kwigumbi ilifu thile efanayo. Kodwa kukho ezinye iiyantlukwano, leyo, enyanisweni, uthethe kuyo.

Kwigumbi bubble: umgaqo amanyathelo

Kulwelo ukusebenza esetyenziswa diethyl iEtere, leyo into iadvanteji efana ngexabiso eliphantsi. Ukongeza, ukuba oko zingafumaneka ngendlela ecocekileyo ngaphandle kobunzima. Undoqo ukuba shushu le yolwelo lobushushu zokupheka (degrees 1400 Celsius) uze zipholile ukuya lobushushu egumbini. Ngeli xesha, izinto ezinemitha iziswa, umzekelo ayibe, emva koko kubekho isithuba lemizuzwana ezimalunga nama-60, kulwelo ukusebenza amathumba. Xa umzuzu kube yinto enokwenzeka ukuba zifake intshukumo amasuntswana lo moya efotweni.

Yonke ibonisa ngokucacileyo Glazer wasebenzisa iikhamera ezimbini, eyenziwe zeglasi nzima kwaye ezaliswe kaEtere. Ukufudumeza lwaqhutywa kwi webhate yeoli, yaye ingcinezelo ibe kwehliswe kusetyenziswa isiphatho. Ngeli xesha le khamera iza kuphehlelelwa. I-avareji Amathambo malunga 3000 ngomzuzwana. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba walithimba kwesindululo amasuntswana nasezimpahleni. Sabe bubble egumbini waye kancinane nokuhambisa, kodwa isimiso ukusebenza uhlala okufanayo. Amaninzi ayesebenzisa counter Geiger, ezivumela ukuba ukulandelela imbonakalo radiation.

Kwigumbi bubble: isixhobo

Ngoku makhe sithethe kancinci yintoni yenziwe langoku. Kwiimeko ezininzi, le nqanawa ukuba iifestile ezininzi ezincinane. Chamber ezaliswe ulwelo ezikhethekileyo zibekwe lo mhlaba otsalayo. Soloko usebenzisa xi ngaphezulu womoya. Maxa wambi wasetyenziswa cryostat, nto leyo efunekayo ukuze kuphole ulwelo zomsebenzi (C.), amathumba kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Kwangoko phambi kokukhutshwa izinto radioactive ukusuka namafutha leyo depressurized emagumbini, yaye ufumana esibaselwe ulwelo. Zonke izinto umthetho ngendlela yayo ishiya amaqamza abilayo ulwelo. Kuba ngokwaneleyo wenza indlela kuphela nakwiqhezu microsecond. Ngephanyazo amadlu yaba umyalelo yobukhulu enkulu. Kukhanyisa isibane yaye iikhamera ezintathu, ngayo stereo ukubukela.

Isigaba sokugqibela nokuhlola

Kwinqanaba lokugqibela lwenziwa uhlalutyo ezimbaxa kunye nesikhokelo umlinganiswa ityala amasuntswana eqhumayo. Kukho iimeko xa iifoto ukuze kungonakali owenziwe kweentsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa babaphatha iinyanga. Xa ufumana uwele, oko kubonisa lokudlula ovela. Babizwa ngokuba "kwiplagi" Wayethetha ubukho ngamasuntswana cala. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ngokususela kwidatha afunyenwe-imifanekiso 3, kulinganiswa ngenyameko intshukumo necala eya iziqalelo. Ukuba ukuphatha ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo mfanekiso, kwenzeka ukwenza umfanekiso-ntathu. Ekuqaleni, oku kwenziwa zizazinzulu, kodwa isifundo esinjalo kungathatha iminyaka. Le meko kunye kokufika kweekhompyutha, leyo ekhawulezayo kakhulu le nkqubo.

Ngomhla eziluncedo zokusebenzisa olu hlobo lwe khamera

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, isixhobo ngokutsho kumgaqo amanyathelo isuntswana efana kokusungulwa Wilson. Kodwa kukho iqela iingenelo. Uncedo kakhulu ukuba zingathathwa isantya yokusebenza, apho kunokwenzeka kakhulu ungalungisa kwi ifoto nesenzeko ephawulekayo.

Enye inzuzo amanga neqiniso ukuba kulwelo zokusebenza kusetyenziswa izinto flowable ukuba ezixineneyo. Oku kakhulu kwandisa amathuba okuba iya kwenzeka ntoni kwimeko yesiganeko-medium elindelwe. Yintoni na ke ukugqithisela kwigumbi iqamza, ngoko ke ukuba umjikelo yomsebenzi wakhe ethatha ixesha elincinci. Le parameter nje prerequisite zokusetyenziswa kwefowuni kwi accelerators kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Esibaselwe esingamanzi zifumaneka ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo, kufuneka kuphela ukuba azole ukuhlisa uxinzelelo kule nkqubo. Apha, isimiso, zonke iingenelo ezinkulu kwesi sixhobo.

A bit ngayo iintsilelo

Njengokuba kuphawuliwe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, ngoku kukho kuphela inani elikhulu abenzi boluvo ezahlukeneyo elektroniki, ngokuchanileyo eliphezulu ukufumana izinto ekunene ngesantya esiphezulu ukukhetha izinto ofuna ukuqonda umfanekiso wabo-ntathu. Kungenxa kule understeer aba neengxaki eziphambili kwegumbi kwiqamza. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkoliso iziphumo kukuba akukho umdla yenzululwazi, kodwa ukulahla okungeyomfuneko photo, nto leyo yenze kuthathe kakhulu ixesha. Enye sithintelo kukuba isixhobo nje ukuba uqalise nangoko, ngokukodwa, oku kubangelwa inertia ye kulwelo ukusebenza, kunye nezinye emzimbeni iparameters. Enyanisweni, lo iintsilelo sizicingele, Makhe siye phambili.

Kwicala technical

Ngexesha ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela lokubhaqa amasuntswana wamwisela ke yabhaliswa iikopi nje kwama-100 amagumbi bubble. Ebudeni beli xesha, sisebenzisa iintlobo zokufuma, ezifana helium, hydrogen, freon, xenon, propane kunye nabanye. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo amaqondo obushushu, nto leyo eyaqala yaye yaphela iyunithi ephantsi kakhulu endlwini for Xenon. "Gargamel" - kwigumbi bubble lokugqibela, le sekethe ayikho eyahlukileyo ngokwesiseko abanye. Kodwa kwigumbi lakhe lakhukuliswa malunga 18 neetoni Freon. Esi sixhobo uvumelekile ukwenza indawo enkulu amaxesha - intsebenziswano phakathi amanqaku cala. Le ndlovu inkulu lwalunobude 4.5 yeemitha. Isixhobo elungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa hydrogen. Kodwa ingxaki kukuba ceba zizomelezi ezintsha ezikhutshiweyo imiqadi amasuntswana radioactive ngesantya esiphezulu, akukho amagumbi bubble engasekho ukumelana njalo.

Ezinye iingongoma ezibalulekileyo

Iyafuna ukunikela ingqalelo into yokuba ngoku i data ikhamera ayisetyenziselwanga. Phantse bonke baye ayacinywa kwi-akhawunti, kodwa kwacaca phandle, yaba sisigqibo kwexesha. Ngo-2002, amasuntswana entsha ebizwa pentakvarty avulwa kusetyenziswa maqampu. Kodwa kwakhona oku akuthethi ziziphumo izifundo kulo nyaka, yaye imifanekiso test unit wafumana kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo. Ithi into ebalulekileyo ukusuka koko kwenziwa kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuba ungakwazi ukufumana.

Ngaphezu koko, amandla ama ubugcisa bale mihla phezulu kangangokuba ukuhluzwa kumfanekiso ngamnye kuya kushiya ixesha elincinane kakhulu. Enyanisweni, ukusebenza kwale hlobo lwegama tshin ngoku iphantsi kakhulu, ngoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba asebenzise nabo, kodwa xa idatha zovavanyo kunokuba luncedo namhlanje.

isiphelo

Kulungile, nantso yonke into kunokuthiwa loo kwigumbi kwiqamza a. Icebo zeesekethe ilula, njengoko bonke luli. Iyafuna esithi amagama ambalwa malunga nokusebenza kweso sixhobo kuxhomekeke kakhulu ngobukhulu. I elikhulu igumbi, ngcono ithuba lokuba bafumane into luncedo. Kunjalo, kunye nokwanda ubukhulu kwandisa ixabiso izinto kunye kulwelo ukusebenza, esingaba iindleko ezihamba ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Ngoku uyazi ukuba igumbi bubble, lo mgaqo olusekelwe kulwelo ebilayo. Le nguqu ithe kufundwe kude yaye ububanzi, ngoko okwangoku kuthathwa ukuba abenzi boluvo elektroniki ngakumbi echaphazelekayo ukuba bebodlula kuzo zonke iinkalo.