Le metal kakhulu eliyinjubaqa. Iimpawu metal

Metals - oku umbandela ixhaphakileyo (kunye iplastiki kunye negilasi), esetyenziswa ngabantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. iimpawu Nokuba ke, le ndoda yaziwa intsimbi, wayedla kuzuze kuzo zonke iipropati zabo ukudala imisebenzi ezintle yobugcisa, izinto zokubhala, izinto zasekhaya, izityalo.

Enye iimpawu eziphambili ekuqwalaseleni ezi zinto yi yokuqaqadeka nendawo eliphezulu yokunyibilika. Ezi mpawu kuzakuvumela uku chaza imihlaba ukusebenzisa sentsimbi. Ngoko ke, siza kuqwalasela zonke iipropati ebonakalayo kunye ingqalelo eyodwa unikwa imiba nawokunyibilika.

Iipropati Physical zesinyithi

iintsimbi iipropati uphawu emzimbeni ingavezwa ngokohlobo amanqaku ezine eziphambili.

1. Ndileka ebuntsimbi - bonke malunga ayenechaphothi efanayo isilivere-ezimhlophe ezintle iimpawu, ukongeza yobhedu negolide. Baye red tide naziiperile, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Calcium - blue yesilivere.
2. karhulumente Physical - zonke okuqinileyo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ngaphandle imetyhuri, leyo ngokohlobo lulwelo.
3. Unikezelo lombane kwaye thermal - Zinjalo zonke ngesinyithi, kodwa ichazwe shiyana.
4. Malleability kunye ductility - kwakhona ezifanayo iintsimbi yonke parameter olukwaziyo ukuba iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke arhente ethile.
5. Ukunyibilika kwaye ukwandiswa kwendawo yokuhlala - ichaza ukuba izakuba ngowuphi zesinyithi eliyinjubaqa kunye indawo yokunyibilika eliphantsi. Le parameter eyahlukileyo zonke izinto.

Zonke iipropati emzimbeni zicacisiwe yi isakhiwo ezikhethekileyo emkhusaneni yesinyithi. ilungiselelo yayo lomhlaba, imilo kunye namandla.

izinyithi Fusible and eliyinjubaqa

Olu khetho kubaluleke kakhulu xa kufikwa iinkalo isicelo ngayo izinto. izinyithi eliyinjubaqa kunye aluminium - sisiseko ngezobunjineli kunye imikhumbi, ukunyibilikiswa kunye ekubunjweni iimveliso ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, ukufumana isixhobo zisebenza kakuhle ncam. Ngoko ke, ulwazi kwawe nokubilisa kudlala indima ebalulekileyo.

Ichaza amandla isinyithi, walhule zibe nzima yaye krobo. Ukuba sithethe refractoriness, apha bahlule amaqela amabini eziphambili:

1. Fusible - zezo ezinako ukutshintsha imeko ebonakalayo kwiqondo lobushushu ngezantsi 1000 ° ^C. Imizekelo iquka nebhekile, nelothe, imetyhuri, isodiyam, atom, manganese, zinc, i-aluminiyamu, kunye nabanye.
2. Eliyinjubaqa ngabo lobushushu kabani yokunyibilika iphezulu lingaphezulu kunexabiso elimiselweyo. Akukho abaninzi, kodwa isiko yinto usetyenziswa ngaphantsi.

iintsimbi Uluhlu ukuba indawo yokunyibilika ngentla 1000 ^{° C,} ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi. Kukho wacwangcisa abameli kakhulu eliyinjubaqa.

Olu metal itafile iquka zonke abameli, lobushushu ogama ukunyibilika ingaphezulu kwe ^{1000 °} C Noko ke, xa kusenziwa, abaninzi kubo azisetyenziswa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa yokuba izibonelelo zoqoqosho ngenxa radioactivity okanye inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu ubu, sesichengeni ukuhlasela entsimbini.

Kwakhona ukusuka itafile kucacile ukuba metal kakhulu eliyinjubaqa ehlabathini - ngu Tungsten. Izinga eliphantsi igolide. Xa sisebenza kunye nesinyithi na ukuthamba ebalulekileyo. Ngoko ke, abaninzi zikhankanywe kakuhle ngasentla zisetyenziselwa iinjongo zobugcisa.

Uninzi metal eliyinjubaqa - Tungsten

Xa lwezakhi kokuba ibekwe phantsi inani ngokokuma kwento 74. Lo gama isuselwe igama yamachiza odumileyo Stephen Wolfram. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo sisinyithi eliyinjubaqa ubuhle-emhlophe umbala ongqindilili. It has a ebuntsimbi Ndileka ngokukhawuleza. Afana cishe egalelwe kwi indlela ongena kabuhlungu.

Kwindalo, ngohlobo kwezimbiwa eziqulethwe:

• wolframite;
• scheelite;
• Gyubnera;
• ferberite.

Izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ukuba Tungsten - intsimbi kakhulu eliyinjubaqa zonke. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amacebiso seaborgium isondlo akwazi ukoyisa irekhodi olu. Kodwa ke yeyona nto eqhumayo kunye ixesha elifutshane kakhulu khona. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukungqina alikafiki kunokwenzeka.

Kwiqondo elithile (ngasentla 1500 ^C) Tungsten uba ductile kunye oluthambileyo. Ngoko ke, kungenzeka ukuba avelise ucingo obhityileyo ngenxa yayo. Le propati isetyenziselwa nokuveliswa kwayo e ibhalbhu ekhaya rhoqo.

Njengoko intsimbi kakhulu eliyinjubaqa leyo zingamelana ^abangaphezu kwe-3400 C, Tungsten lusetyenziswa kwezi nkalo zilandelayo zobugcisa:

• njenge electrode ukuwelda phantsi argon;
• ngokuba acid-fast, anxibe-ukumelana nobushushu-resistant aluminium;
• njengento zokufudumeza;
• kwiityhubhu ongenawo njengoko olu cingwana njalo njalo.

Ngaphandle metal Tungsten, ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa ubugcisa, inzululwazi kunye ngombane nemixube yayo. Njengoko metal eliyinjubaqa ehlabathini kwaye yenza yikhompawundi kunye ophezulu kakhulu iimpawu umgangatho: eziluqilima, ukumelana ukuba phantse zonke iintlobo amanyathelo weekhemikhali, anikho phantsi umhlwa, withstanding amaqondo aphantsi kunye phezulu (Win, Tungsten sulphide, ziikristale zayo abangatshatanga kunye nezinye izinto).

Ukrweco and aluminiyamu

QAPHELA, okanye ukrweco, - phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo ngentsimbi akhazimlayo zesilivere-emhlophe. Kwakhona elinjubaqa, njengoko iqondo lobushushu yenguqu ukuya kwimo engamanzi kuye ngu-2477 ° ^C. Kuyinto olu phawu, kwakunye indibanisela reactivity eliphantsi esebenzayo ivumela ukrweco ngokuya kwanda kumsebenzi yabantu practical ngonyaka ngamnye. Namhlanje, olu lisetyenziswa zamashishini ezifana:

• isayensi irula;
• imboni aerospace;
• nuclear amandla;
• zokwakha izixhobo chemical;
• engineering radio.

Le metal igcina iipropati ebonakalayo nokuba kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu. amanqaku ezisekelwe luphawulwa nokumelana, ukumelana ubushushu, uqinile, conductivity emihle.

Le wentsimbi yongezwe izinto aluminiyam ukuphucula ukuxhathisa imichiza. Ukusuka liveze cathodes kunye anodes, oko doped kunye aluminium non-ayoni. zemali Naxa kwamanye amazwe ikhontenti ukrweco.

tantalum

Metal, ekwimo free phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo wayifulela into film oxide. It unesethi iipropati emzimbeni ezikuvumela ukuba yande kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abantu. iimpawu zayo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:

1. Kwiqondo lobushushu ngaphezu 1000 ^{° C} uba lokwakhiwa.
2. Le yeyona emva metal eliyinjubaqa of Tungsten kunye oluLula. Iqondo lobushushu yokunyibilika yi 3017 ° ^C.
3. Ngokugqibeleleyo lubamba igesi.
4. Ekubeni kulula ukusebenza njengoko kubhaliwe ezityikitywe maleko, ngefoyile ye kunye ucingo ngokulula.
5. Ngaba nobulukhuni okulungileyo nkum kugcina ductility.
6. Kuyinto exhathisayo kakhulu arhente zeekhemikhali (akumele kubenze nkqu aqua regia).

Ngenxa iimpawu ezifana wakwazi ukufumana abantu njengoko njengesiseko akamaninzi lobushushu kunye asidi ukumelana, aluminiyamu emelana nokudliwa ngumhlwa. zithako zayo ezininzi ukufumana izicelo physics zenyukliya, elektroniki, izixhobo computing icebo. Zisebenziselwa superconductors. Ngaphambili, tantalum isetyenziswa njengento kwi cingwana. Ke kaloku indawo yayo yathathwa yi Tungsten.

Chromium kunye aluminiyamu yayo

Enye intsimbi inzima kwimo yaso yendalo umbala oluhlaza namhlophe. Indawo yayo yokunyibilika lingaphantsi ngaphezu koko ingqalelo kude kube ngoku izinto kwaye ^imalunga 1907 C. Nangona kunjalo, oko isasetyenziswa nangoku ubugcisa kunye noshishino lonke, ngokunjalo efanele kwiimpembelelo koomatshini, luyasetyenzwa nokubunjwa.

chromium gqitha njengoko napylitelya. Lisetyenziswa manqaku ukuze abanike ukhanye elihle, ukhuseleko ngokuchasene ngokudleka nokuphucula banxibe ukuxhathisa. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba nesingxobo chrome.

aluminiyamu chromium athandwa kakhulu. Kuba imali encinane olu kwi ingxubevange kakhulu kwandisa yobulukhuni nokuzabalazela iziphumo yokugqibela.

zirconium

Enye intsimbi kuyabiza kakhulu, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwalo izicelo zobugcisa kunzima. Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu ezibonakalayo zenza kube nje zilahleka nakwamanye amashishini amaninzi.

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, elihle metal yesilivere-white. It has a lokunybilika sezingeni eliphezulu - 1855 ^C. It has lukhuni elungileyo, nokumelana, kususela afana esebenzayo. Kwakhona liveza biocompatibility amahle ndawonye nesikhumba yonke eziphilayo. Oku kwenza kube metal ixabisekile ekusetyenzisweni amayeza (izixhobo, zitho, njalo njalo).

izicelo eziphambili zirconium kunye nemixube yayo, kuqukwa aluminiyamu, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• amandla enyukliya;
• umdlalo;
• alloying iintsimbi;
• imithi;
• kwemifanekiso bioposudy;
• izinto kwesakhiwo ;
• njenge superconductor.

Zirconium kunye aluminiyamu nkqu zokuhombisa zenziwa ngenxa yayo, ekwaziyo eziphembelela kuphuculo lwempilo yabantu.

molybdenum

Ukuba ufumanisa ukuba yintoni na metal kakhulu elinjubaqa, ukongeza Tungsten ezikhethiweyo kwaye molybdenum ingabizwa. kwithempritsha yayo yokunyibilika yi 2623 ° ^C. Ngaloo kunzima kakhulu, ductile kunye olusebenzisekayo.

Oku kusetyenziswa ikakhulu hayi ngendlela esulungekileyo kodwa njengesakhi yenkqubo-aluminium. Bona, ngenxa yobukho molybdenum womelela kakhulu resistance banxibe, ukumelana nobushushu anticorrosion.

Ezinye iikhompawundi molybdenum zisetyenziswa ukuthambisa ajikeleze zobugcisa. Kwakhona, oku izinto metal kweziyobisi ngaxeshanye kuchaphazela amandla kunye anticorrosion, nto leyo enqabileyo kakhulu.

vanadium

metal Grey nge ukukhazimla ubuhle. It has a izinga lezikolo ukunyibilika (1920 ° ^C). Oku ikakhulu kusetyenziswa njengesixhobo kwiinkqubo ezininzi ngenxa inertia yayo. Energy isetyenziswa kuzo zombini umthombo yemichiza ekhoyo ekwenziweni asidi ezingaphiliyo. Ukubaluleka loqobo alinjalo metal nyulu, oko kukuthi ezinye iikhompawundi yayo.

OluLula and aluminiyamu yayo

Yintoni na le metal kakhulu eliyinjubaqa Tungsten emva? It oluLula. izinga layo yokunyibilika ^imalunga 3186 C. Kuba amandla ongamileyo kunye Tungsten, kunye molybdenum. Plasticity akukho phezulu kakhulu. Imfuno oluLula mkhulu kakhulu, kodwa production xaka. Ngenxa yoku, oko sisinyithi kuyabiza kakhulu esikhoyo namhlanje.

Isetyenziswa ngokwenziwa:

• iinjini jet;
• thermocouples;
• olulingana waseUzali spectrometers kunye nezinye izixhobo;
• njengoko kuvala nokusulungekiswa oyile.

Zonke izicelo zibiza, ngoko isetyenziswa kuphela xa kuyimfuneko kakhulu, xa endaweni enye into akwenzeki.

aluminiyamu titanium

Titan - a metal umbala yesilivere-omhlophe elula kakhulu, nto leyo lisetyenziswa kwi kushishino metallurgical nentsimbi. Oku ingadubula xa ukwimeko ezicukucezwe zancinane, ngoko ke kukho ingozi yomlilo.

Lusetyenziswa moya rocket imveliso, imveliso iinqanawa. Sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi amayeza ngenxa biocompatibility kunye nomzimba (zitho, njengokuhlaba, ufaka, njalo njalo).