Imithombo nezolo, chemical. Iintlobo imithombo imichiza langoku isixhobo

imithombo nezolo , iikhemikali (HIT olufinyeziweyo) - adaptation, apho amandla sokungamelani redox iguqulelwa amandla ombane. amanye amagama abo - an electrochemical iseli, iseli galvanic , iseli electrochemical. Zabo isimiso ukusebenza sesi silandelayo: impefumlelwano wezenzi ezimbini ebangela yokusabela imichiza kunye electric ulwabiwo amandla yangoku rhoqo. Ngamanye yangoku inkqubo umthombo wokuvelisa umbane kwenzeka scheme multistage. Okokuqala kukhululwa amandla thermal, ngoko uguqulwe mechanical uze kuphela amandla ombane. Advantage HIT - inkqubo-inqanaba libe linye, ngamanye umbane ifunyenwe ngqo, ngokudlulisela amanyathelo yokubonelela thermal kunye nakuvuselelo mechanical.

indaba

wenza umthombo yokuqala ngoku njani? imithombo chemical babebizwa iiseli galvanic emva nzulu Italian kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo - Luigi Galvani. Yena gqirha, anatomist, komzimba physics. Enye yezona iinkalo zophando yakhe kukufundela abasabela ngayo izilwanyana kwiimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo lwangaphandle. Indlela imichiza yokuvelisa umbane iye yavulwa Galvani ngempazamo, ebudeni omnye experimenti bakhe ngamasele. Elidityaniswe kuyo kwenzwa ekrwada imilenze isele iipleyiti ezimbini metal. Xa oku kwenzeka kwemisipha. ingcaciso ngayo lo mkhuba Galvani into engalunganga. Kodwa iziphumo eksperimenti bakhe kunye nemigqaliselo wanceda compatriot yakhe Alessandro Volta kwizifundo ezilandelayo.

Volta abachaza ngobhalo isahlakalo wamandla ombane umsebenzi wakhe ngokusebenzisa indlela imichiza phakathi iintsimbi ezimbini wadibana nale nyama dystrophy ze isele. Lo mthombo wokuqala imichiza yangoku eyayingathi bhotile anetyuwa, kunye amacwecwe ukuntywiliselwa kuwo zinc nangobhedu.

Kwi-industrial-scale CC waqalisa ukuba bavelise kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, Bulelani engumFrentshi Leklanshe owasungula iiseli manganese-zinc zaseprayimari electrolyte ityuwa, ogama emva kwakhe. Emva kweminyaka embalwa, oku kuye kwaphuculwa iseli electrochemical kwezinye izazinzulu kwaye imithombo yemichiza ephambili kuphela umbane ngaphambi 1940.

Uyilo kunye nokusebenza HIT

imichiza isixhobo yemvelaphi yangoku iquka electrode ezimbini (abaqhubi ze uhlobo lokuqala) kunye electrolyte ngokungenelela (umbexeshi uhlobo lwesibini, okanye ion umqhubi). Ngomhla emdeni womhlaba electronic kuvela phakathi kwabo. I welding apho arhente nokunciphisa ibizwa oxidized kuthiwa anode, nalowo apho recovery oxidant - cathode. Kunye electrolyte, zenza inkqubo electrochemical.

A eceleni bayavuma redox phakathi electrode xa kukuvela umsinga wombane. Ngexesha lo yabo, i-arhente ukunciphisa eli oxidised kwaye oxidant unika electron ukuba uyayamkela kubo ngenxa oku ibuyiselwe. Phambi electrolyte phakathi cathode kunye anode yi yokusabela efunekayo. Ukuba nje ndawonye Ithatyathwe emigutyeni zesinyithi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, akukho kukhululeka yombane lungenzeki, onke amandla aya kukhutshwa njengoko ubushushu. Le electrolyte iyafuneka ukuze afezekise inkqubo transfer electron. Amaninzi izenzo isisombululo ityuwa okanye zokunyibilikiswa yomgangatho yayo.

I electrode bafana ipleyiti yesinyithi okanye grid. Xa emanzini yabo electrolyte kuvela umahluko yombane enokubakho phakathi kwabo - voltage circuit evulekileyo. Le anode has ukuthambekela ifuthe elektroni kunye cathode - to adoption zabo. Kumphezulu wazo imichiza reaction iqala. Bona bema ngokuthi kuvulwe umxokelelwane, kwakunye xa omnye reactants ziphele. Breaking kwenzeka ukususwa kwenye i electrode okanye electrolyte.

Iinkqubo Ukudalwa electrochemical

Imithombo ekhoyo iioksidenti yamachiza zisetyenziswa iityuwa ioksijini acid, ioksijini, halides, oxides zesinyithi ephezulu olune nitroorganic kunye t. D. Ukunciphisa arhente ekulo isinyithi kunye oxides zabo ongezantsi, hydrogen, kunye nemixube hydrocarbon. Njengoko electrolytes kusetyenziswa:

1. izisombululo zolwelo ye asidi, kwealkali, ityuwa kunye njalo njalo. D.
2. izisombululo Nonaqueous ne ion conductivity ezifunyenwe yi ukuchitha ityuwa izinyibilikisi organic okanye ezingaphiliyo.
3. ityuwa linyibilike.
4. iikhompawundi Solid ne emkhusaneni ionic, apho omnye unako movable.
5. electrolytes Matrix. Oku izisombululo lulwelo okanye inyibilika ibekwe pores yequmrhu eqinileyo non-conductive - elektronositelya.
6. electrolytes Ion-exchange. Le uxhulumaniso eqinileyo kunye namaqela ezisisigxina ionic lophawu efanayo. omnye umqondiso kaYona ngelixa mobile. Lo mhlaba kwenza conductivity lwe unipolar electrolyte.

ibhetri galvanic

imithombo imichiza ngoku luqulathe iiseli electrochemical - iiseli. Kwemimoya kwenye yezi seli lincinane - ukususela 0.5 ukuya 4V. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno, UKUBETHA sebenzisa ibhetri galvanic, eziquka izinto ezininzi serially iqhagamshele. Oku ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa ngokunxuseneyo okanye kuthotho-parallel uqhagamshelwano ngezinto eziliqela. Kwisiphaluka series zisoloko ziquka kuphela iiseli lokuqala efanayo okanye iibhetri. Kufuneka babe ezifanayo iparameters: inkqubo electrochemical, uyilo, inkqubo ukwahluka kunye nobukhulu. Ngokuba uxhulumaniso ukufana kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu.

ngezigaba HIT

imithombo Chemical bahluka:

• ubukhulu;
• wokwakha;
• wezenzi;
• Nature energoobrazuyuschey reaction.

Ezi parameters ukuchaza nokusebenza CC efanelekileyo isicelo esithile.

Ukuhlelwa iiseli electrochemical ngokusekelwe umahluko umgaqo msebenzi. Ngokuxhomekeka ezi mpawu, ukwahlula:

1. imithombo yemichiza Primary - izinto ezilahlwayo. Bathi wezenzi stock ethile, nto leyo zidliwe basabela. Emva cell ekubhobhozeni ngokupheleleyo ulahlekelwa ukusebenza. Kwenye HIT lokuqala kuthiwa iiseli galvanic. Othembekileyo uya kubiza nje them - element. Umzekelo elula njengomthombo wamandla zaseprayimari - "Ibhetri" AA.
2. Egcwalisekayo imithombo yemichiza ekhoyo - neebhetri (ekwabizwa ngokuba lesibini, HIT ingathityazwa) zizinto esebenza. Ngokuthi bapase zangoku kwi sekethe lwangaphandle kwicala umva ngalo ibhetri emva osenyameni wachitha reactants ezipheleleyo ezivuselela kwakhona babize amandla ekhemikhali (amacala). Ngenxa indlela yokubiza ukusuka yangaphandle rhoqo isixhobo yemvelaphi yangoku isetyenziswa ixesha elide, nqapha ukuba uyitshaje. Inkqubo amandla ombane kuthiwa yokumpompoza accumulator. Ezi ziquka neebhetri UKUBETHA yezixhobo ezininzi ngekhompyutha (laptops, Funny njalo njalo. N.).
3. imithombo yemichiza thermal - izixhobo amanyathelo ngokuqhubekayo. Ngexesha umsebenzi wabo akukho eyayinethombo eliqhubekekayo iibhetshi ezintsha wezenzi kunye nokususwa iimveliso yokusabela.
4. I (polutoplivnyh) iiseli oludibeneyo electrochemical abe stock kwenye reactants. Isixhobo yesibini inikezelwa ngaphandle. Ubomi ifowuni kuxhomekeke nangoncedo reactant yokuqala. kuhlanganiswa imithombo chemical ombane asetyenziswa neebhetri, ukuba kukho ithuba lokubuyisela isigxina wabo ngokuwisa yangoku kususela njengomthombo wangaphandle.
5. UKUBETHA engahlaziyekiyo agcwalisiwe ngumatshini okanye afakwe. Kubo, unako ukubuyisela emva kokuba intlawulo epheleleyo wachitha wezenzi kwi iinxalenye ezintsha. Oko kukuthi, bengengabo izixhobo okuqhubekayo ngokunjalo, ezifana neebhetri ngamathuba athile agcwalisiwe.

iimpawu UKUBETHA

Ezona mpawu Inqununu imithombo yamandla chemical ziquka:

1. Vula ombane yesekethe (OCV okanye ombane nokudubula). Le rate kakhulu kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo electrochemical (yindibanisela arhente ukunciphisa, i-arhente oxidizing kunye electrolyte). Kwakhona OCV kuchaphazela electrolyte yoxinaniso, iqondo yokumpompoza, lobushushu kunye nabanye. OCV kuxhomekeke ixabiso ngoku ayahamba na HIT.
2. Power.
3. Obhobhozayo yangoku - ngokuxhomekeke ukuxhathisa yesekethe lwangaphandle.
4. Capacity - inani eliphezulu lombane onika HIT xa kokuba ichithwe ngokupheleleyo.
5. Umxholo energy - amandla eliphezulu zafunyanwa isixhobo ngokupheleleyo ekubhobhozeni.
6. iimpawu Energy. Kuba neebhetri, kubhaliwe ngokuyintloko qinisekisa Inani imijikelo kwentlawulo-obhobhozayo ngokuthotywa ombane okanye isigxina umthamo (resource).
7. Ubushushu yokusebenza ibanga.
8. ixesha Ukugcinwa - isixa ubuninzi bexesha phakathi ngawo kunye nesixhobo lokuqala nokukhutshwa.
9. ubomi Service - yokugcina obuyi nobomi umsebenzi. Kuba fuel cell ixesha ebalulekileyo inkonzo nokusebenza rhoqo ngakanye.
10. I-eneji iyonke owanikelwa ngenxa yonke ubomi nkonzo.
11. amandla ngoomatshini ngokumalunga ukungcangcazela, ukothuka, njalo-njalo. N.
12. Ukukwazi ukusebenza kuso nasiphi na isikhundla.
13. Ukuthembeka.
14. ukugcinwa usemgangathweni ngokulula.

Iimfuno HIT

Uyilo iiseli electrochemical kufuneka ibonelele imeko elungele indlela kakhulu kakuhle. Ezi meko zibandakanya:

• ukunqanda ukuvuza yangoku;
• umsebenzi efanayo;
• amandla ngoomatshini (kubandakanywa ukubekwa);
• ukungcola reactants;
• unxibelelwano phakathi electrode kunye electrolyte;
• ikhulule yangoku ukusuka kwindawo reaction ukuya kwimveliso lwangaphandle ilahleko ubuncinane.

imithombo nezolo, amachiza kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno jikelele zilandelayo:

• amaxabiso aphezulu ezithile iparameters;
• eliphezulu lobushushu uluhlu lwe operability;
• ezikubangela kakhulu;
• iindleko Ubuncinane iyunithi amandla;
• kwamandla uzinzo;
• imali ukulondolozwa;
• ukhuseleko;
• lula yesondlo, kwaye kuhle akukho mfuneko yoku;
• ubomi inkonzo ende.

operation HIT

Eyona ithuba iiseli samabanga - akukho mfuneko yokuba nayiphi na ukulungiswa. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukusebenzisa kwabo ezaneleyo ukujonga inkangeleko, kwithala-ubomi. Xa uqhagamshele kubalulekile ukuba bagcine ezichaseneyo kwaye ahlole ingqibelelo lwabafowunelwa idivayisi. Okuninzi imithombo imichiza entsonkothileyo - ukuba iibhetri, befuna care ngaphezulu kakhulu. Injongo inkonzo yabo - ukwandiswa ubuninzi ebomini. Ukunyamekela ibhetri:

• nokugcinwa nococeko;
• esweni ombane yesekethe evulekileyo;
• (Ingasetyenziselwa agcwalisa amanzi kuphela Yek) nokugcina inqanaba electrolyte;
• Ukulawulwa xi electrolyte (via hydrometer - isixhobo elula umlinganiselo mninzi fluid).

Ngexesha nokusebenza iiseli electrochemical kufuneka avumelane nazo zonke iimfuno ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo izixhobo zombane.

Classification HIT iinkqubo electrochemical

Iintlobo zemithombo imichiza ngoku, ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo:

• phambili (acid);
• nickel-isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, nickel-yentsimbi, nickel-zinc;
• manganese-zinc, ubhedu-zinc, imetyhuri, zinc, zinc-chloride;
• ngesiliva-zinc, isilivere isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe;
• air-metal;
• nickel-hydrogen nesilivere-hydrogen;
• manganese-magnesium;
• lithium kunye t. d.

ukusetyenziswa Modern of HIT

imithombo Current, chemical It njengangoku lusetyenziselwa ku:

• izithuthi;
• eziphathwayo;
• technology zomkhosi nendawo;
• izixhobo zesayensi;
• Medicine (pacemakers).

Imizekelo Eqhelekileyo of HIT ekhaya:

• neebhetri (iiseli eyomileyo);
• neebhetri zombane ekhaya ephathwayo kunye elektroniki;
• supply amandla uninterruptible;
• iibhetri imoto.

Ingakumbi ngokubanzi bamkela imithombo yemichiza Lithium umbane. Oku kungenxa yokuba lithium (Li) ukwangowona mmandla unomthamo omkhulu amandla. Isibakala sokuba luyagwagwisa ezimbi electrode enokubakho zonke ezinye zesinyithi. Lithium-ion (Lia) kuqala zonke ezinye amaxabiso CCs namandla ezithile ombane yokusebenza. Ngoku ke ngokuthe ngcembe uyoyiswa kwinkalo entsha - yezothutho ezindleleni. Xa uphuhliso elizayo lwezenzululwazi enxulumene ukuphuculwa iibhetri lithium, uza kwicala lwezoyilo ukufota neebhetri enkulu kakhulu-umsebenzi.