Homologs - igunya, indlela divergence yokugqibela

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX zizazinzulu German E.Gekkelem kunye F. Müller embryological kakhulu kunye nezifundo yokwakheka ethelekisekayo bathwalwa phandle, ekhokelela ekuyilweni komthetho biogenetic, kunye nophuhliso izimvo malunga izifaniso, homologies, nakhululeka kuzo iziqalelo kunye atavism. Eli nqaku Eyokuba isifundo yelo qela of izinto eziqulathe eziphilayo imizimba homologues. Oku ezisasazwa kwi izityalo kunye nezilwanyana izinto zehlabathi amalungu abo omzimba abe imvelaphi efanayo kunye nesicwangciso eqhelekileyo isakhiwo, nangona ingahluka ngaphandle kakhulu. Yintoni eye yakhokelela imbonakalo yazo?

oonobangela

iinkqubo mvelo ziyenzeka kwimiphakathi zezinto eziphilayo kwaye isiseko zizivelela. Ukuvela kweentlobo ezintsha kunokwenzeka ngenxa sokuzuza eziphilayo zonke umahluko omkhulu, ichaphazela yesakhiwo umsebenzi. Inkqubo ikhokelela ukungangqinelani lemisebenzi esemqoka morphological kunye yokwakheka ukubonakala ngathi impendulo umzimba ukuba ungenwe lula ukutshintsha iimeko zokusingqongileyo, ebizwa divergence. Homologues - yinxalenye yomzimba kubantu abaye phantsi ukhetho zendalo, uMbumbi ngenxa lithathelwe indawo yabo. Ebebefunda ngokweenkcukacha kule khosi zezilwanyana. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo izilwanyana ezinomqolo

Le ngemilenze ezincancisayo luqulathe amathambo ezifanayo: i ihumerus, ulna, ziqu, carpal, metacarpal kunye phalanges. Kodwa ezahlukeneyo iimeko zokusingqongileyo phezu evolyuchii ebekwa kushicilelwa njengendlela forelimb skeletal kunye nomsebenzi wayo. Kwanele ukuba ukuthelekisa inkangeleko, imilo kunye nemilinganiselo amalungu omzimba, umzekelo, indlulamthi, inkawu okanye nolovane. Loo divergence kuba sisiseko yimbonakalo imizimba ezifana homologues. Oku kungqinwe izifundo athelekisekayo yokwakheka kungekuphela phakathi kwamaqela ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana, kodwa ehlabathini kwezityalo. Makhe siqwalasele nabo kwisiqendu esilandelayo.

Ukulungisa izitho kwezityalo

Ngexesha ontogeny le flora zehlabathi kuphela ukuba bafumane imisebenzi emitsha, kodwa ukuguqula amalungu omzimba wakho. Xa Botany, edla ngokuba loyamano iinxalenye kwezityalo, kwaye uthathwa njengesixhobo leyo evelileyo ngexesha phylogeny. Wati isenokuba abameli yeSebe izityalo kweentyatyambo. Kufuneka oku kukhokelela ukuvela izakhiwo ezifana homologs. Oku kubonakala ngohlobo reactions olulungisiweyo ukuba imiba yokusingqongileyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba inkqubo yingcambu yazo zonke izityalo imbewu iphuhlisa iingcambu osandul kwisicwangciso enye, yaye owenza ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iintlobo imisebenzi: nitrogen emhlabeni, inkxaso, owanyayo kunye ethwele wamanzi nezimbiwa izisombululo. Nangona kunjalo, imbonakalo yangaphandle iingcambu ziyahluka kakhulu, ukuba baqalise ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. Umzekelo, homologous na iingcambu stilted esundu, sikhula imigxobhozo emvula.

Abayi musa ukuvumela ezantsi esikhondweni ukuba ndibhaptize ngokwabo emanzini, inqandwa yiyo ezibolayo. Orchid iingcambu eriyeli amalungu homologous komhlaba - ababandakanyeka kule nezokukhupha imiqulu ezongezelelweyo komoya ngenxa lokuphefumla izityalo. Ukukhonza njenge ichibi babize starch kunye nezinye iikhompawundi eziphilayo, ingcambu ye beet kunye iikherothi, artichoke iYerusalem dahlia korneklubni. Zonke ezi iinguqulelo - homologues. Le eziphilayo phikisana ngobulungisa, kuba iyangqinelana omnye nomnye kunye nemithetho-siseko jikelele lobume komhlaba umzimba - ingcambu.

Homology emzimbeni womntu

Abameli iklasi ekuyo, ebandakanya Homo sapiens, sibe isakhiwo esinye isicwangciso kwenkqubo weentshukumo, ingakumbi, isahlulo yezihlunu - kwalapho.

Kodwa umntu othile abonakala lithathelwe nokuhamba tye, umzekelo, ekwimo yomqolo ifuze unobumba Latin S. Ngaphezu koko, xa amathambo kwesebe eliphezulu, eyenziwa ngaba ithambo enye, njengokuba izilwanyana, indlela yokuhlasela ze ubhontsi oluchasene kwezinye iminwe ezine yeyona isiphumo ubuchule ukusebenza imisebenzi. Homologues bonke ezi mizekelo kwavela kwinkqubo anthropogenesis.