Le sesakhiwo kwinkulungwane yama-20: bokwakha lwangoku

Wonke era embalini thaca isakhiwo grand, nangona kunjalo, lo ngowona sesakhiwo kwenkulungwane yama-20 luphawulwa kukuba uphawu lifikelele eziphakamileyo amatsha - ukusuka ezinde Ukunyuka ukuya izakhiwo ezintsha kuyilo. Ukuqala kwayo sabekwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ngomnye wemimandla yokuqala, eyaziwa njenge modernist ngubani zidityanisiwe functionalism kunye iinjongo zobugcisa, kodwa ke, akamkeli iziyalezo yamandulo. Wazama ukudibanisa imigaqo yoyilo bokwakha engundoqo, kunye ukuthambekela inkqubela ngokukhawuleza kwezobuchwephesha kunye yotshintsho kuluntu xa lulonke.

Ngokubanzi, sokuyilwa kwenkulungwane yama-20 - yintshukumo ebanzi wathabatha uhlobo yezikolo uyilo eziliqela, izalathiso banezimbo. Phakathi amagama ebalulekileyo abantu baba abaHlaziyi ubugcisa bokwakha kwaye kuvule indlela yokuba uyilo kunye yeqondo eliphezulu ezintsha yokuqala, kufuneka ngokuba Le Korbyuze, Ludwig za van der Rohe, uWalter Gropius, uFrank Lloyd Wright, Luisa Sallivana, Oscar Niemeyer kunye Alvar Aalto.

Ngoko ke, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba izakhiwo kwenkulungwane yama-20 bubonakaliswe intshukumo eyaziwa ngokuba izakhiwo mihla, nesambatho ixesha ukususela 1900 ukuya 1970-1980 (kumazwe aseYurophu kunye Russia). Oku kuquka iindawo ezininzi (functionalism kunye Unxibelelaniso, brutalism kunye rationalism, izakhiwo eziphilayo, Bauhaus nobuGcisa Deco, isimbo ngamazwe), kodwa sonke isabelo iimpawu ezifana ngazo.

izakhiwo Modern afuna ukuba ngamalungisa izindlu design en Umzila izimvo zakudala kunye nendawo liyoyikeka, imisebenzi izakhiwo elizayo kunye nendawo zazo. "Ifomu elandelayo umsebenzi" (amazwi Luisa Sallivana, okuthetha ukuba ingcamango yokuyila kufuneka lusekelwe ngqo kwi injongo yomsebenzi ukwakhiwa kwento). Umzekelo, Frenk Lloyd Rayt wayesaziwa ngenxa yokuba uyilo izindlu ke ngokuyintloko ezijolise kwindawo apho uza ukwakha isakhiwo. Wathi ukuba kufuneka 'kunye nomhlaba, "oko kukuthi, ibe ibalulekileyo.

ekuqaleni ukwakhiwa kwenkulungwane yama-20 kuquka ezi mpawu zilandelayo zokudibanisa kwezi nkalo zikhankanywe apha ngasentla - kukusetyenziswa ekwakheni izinto ezintsha enobuchwepheshe isakhiwo (umzekelo, ikhonkrithi), ukungabikho kweenkcukacha zokuhombisa, ngamanye amazwi, akukho reminiscences yezembali ngembonakalo, apho kufuneka abe izindlu elula ecacileyo ifomu.

Le sesakhiwo kwinkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya yathandwa ngokohlobo Unxibelelaniso, ingakumbi kwatyatyamba ngo 1920-1930. Unxibelelaniso odityanisiweyo lobuchwepheshe phambili kunye ubuhle ezintsha ze-bulumko wamaKomanisi neenjongo zasekuhlaleni ukwakha isizwe. Enye wabaseki intshukumo - uKonstantin Melnikov, owadala Melnikov House odumileyo e Moscow, nto leyo engumqondiso Unxibelelaniso kunye Soviet avant-garde konke konke. Nangona intshukumo sahlukana kwizikolo ezininzi lokukhuphisana ixesha ubukho izakhiwo zayo ezininzi enkulu ungakhiwa, kude yawa mbana neenkokeli Soviet ngayo ngo-1932. Kodwa neziphumo constructivist ingafunyanwa kwi kamva bokwakha eSoviet.

Ukususela 1980, sokuyilwa kwenkulungwane yama-20 ahlangabezana nobunzima ezinye ngokubhekiselele kwiinkqubo zolwakhiwo (iinkonzo, amandla, iteknoloji) uba multidistsiplinoy kunye specializations yohlobo iprojekthi nganye. Ukongeza, iyantlukwano ngokucacileyo lwekhondo wezakhiwo njengoko wezakhiwo, ingcibi, umluki, kokuqinisekisa ukuba isiza zokwakha elizayo wadibana yonke imigangatho zeteknoloji kuyimfuneko. Kakade ke, kukho uzinzo yawo yokusingqongileyo umba ophambili zimbini zibonisa nzulu nakubugcisa lwanamhlanje.