Le uluhlu kwi "Pascal". Programme on ma "Pascal"

Kunye nomdla kwi kweenkqubo luyanda minyaka yonke. Kwaye ukuba zibanga iinkqubo nokubhala kumaziko ukubheja abakwenzayo ulwimi lokuprograma njengoko C ++, ezikolweni nasezikholejini, abafundi bafumana "Pascal". Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ukuqonda ulwimi ukuqala lwenkqubo ngokusetyenziswa kwe-software Ugcino-software. Kufuneka ngoko nangoko kuqatshelwe ukuba iilwimi kweenkqubo data nesithuba esikhulu ukutyhileka ngqondweni wakhe. Kwaye ukuba usebenzisa ulwimi "Pascal" ifumaneka kunye nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kweenkqubo, ngoko Ugcino kunokwenzeka sele ukubhala inkqubo epheleleyo-enobugcisa. Yaye indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ngokubhala amaxesha kuthatha kwimiboniso isigqibo "Pascal".

Ubukho kukho inani elikhulu kakhulu variables ezahlukeneyo

Zokuhlela ulwimi kakhulu eninzi variables ezahlukeneyo, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo ubukho nexabiso elinye kuphela. Bayakwazi ukugcina ixabiso single ukuba uhlobo oluthile. An mahle eziguquguqukayo umtya. Bona yingqokelela idatha, apho uhlobo uphawu isici. Kodwa ezi izinto zidla ingqalelo ixabiso eyahlukileyo sikhundla.

Yinto akukho mfihlakalo ukuba usebenzisa ikhompyutha, unga nciphisa ngokubaluleka ixesha lokuba enze umsebenzi ethile enxulumene imithamo ezinkulu data. Kodwa ngokusebenzisa kuphela ezo izinto eziye eyaziwa ngokuba ngeentlobo umntu, uyakwazi ukugcina umsebenzi wakho kwinkumbulo kwaye ukuphatha idatha eziqulathe inani elikhulu lemiqolo? Imisebenzi eziqhelekileyo nayiphi msebenzi.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuyenzeka kusoloko ukwazisa iqela variables ofuna ukuphumeza iinjongo zakho. Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba ukujonga amaxabiso athile. Kodwa ikhowudi ye program iya kwandisa kuphela. Kunzima ukufunda ikhowudi, leyo inani elikhulu lemiqolo. Ingakumbi xa ufuna ukufumana iimpazamo.

Ngako oko, le program qatha umbuzo onjalo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ngezo lwimi ukuba ziqulunqwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho izinto ezibonelela uyakwazi ukugcina imali enkulu of data kukodwa. Le uluhlu kwi "UPascal" lukhulu kuye kwatshintsha indlela ukuya kweenkqubo. Ngoko ke, loo nto ithathwa i variable ebalulekileyo ulwimi lokuprograma.

Ukusebenzisa ma unga nciphisa ngokubaluleka ubungakanani ikhowudi

Eli gama efihla indawo ulandelelwano oda data apho olunye uhlobo Uphawu. Ukongeza, ezi ze data igama elinye. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le nkcazelo ukuze zihambelane ezininzi izinto real-hlabathi: izichazi-magama, iikhathuni ngaphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, lo uluhlu kakhulu elula i "Pascal" owayebonakala uhlobo itafile. iseli ngamnye enye bume. Ukusebenzisa uququzelelo ungachaza indawo-bume, leyo kuthatha itafile iyonke.

Yintoni ethethwa ngomnye-mbini uluhlu lokulwa?

Umsebenzi olula yitafile lowo lwento. Kule uluhlu, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba indawo i parameter kwanele ukubonisa inani elinye kuphela. ma anzima kwakheka kwi nesiseko sayo.

Ukuze ukuchaza kwimiboniso-liyajikeleza kwi "NjengoPascal," faka nje ikhowudi ilandelayo: Uhlobo Yakhani uluhlu [] of .

Njengoko amanani izinto ngezinto kunokuba uhlobo ngokokuma kwento. Ebonisa uluhlu, kuyimfuneko ukuba uqonde ukuba ukuphela akukabikho ngaphezulu imbewu. Type, banayo iziqalelo uluhlu kunokuba ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na - nokuba standard okanye ochazwe ngaphambili. Ukhetho luya kuxhomekeka imfuno yokusombulula ingxaki ethile.

wenza njani inkcazelo uluhlu yomgama?

Kuyenzeka ukuba ukuchaza ngqo kwimiboniso-liyajikeleza kwi "Pascal". Oku kufuneka kwenziwe kwindawo ekhethekileyo, nto leyo efunekayo kule nkqubo ethile. Kufuneka ukuba ufake ikhowudi ilandelayo: var : Yakhani uluhlu [] Of .

Ukuze uqonde ukuba uchaze indlela izintlu "Pascal", faka ikhowudi ilandelayo:

- var

- S, uV: Yakhani uluhlu [5..50] Of Real;

- K: Array [ 'C' .. 'R'] Of elipheleleyo;

- Z: Yakhani uluhlu [-10..10] Of iLizwi;

- E: Yakhani uluhlu [3..30] Of Real.

Kulo mzekelo, eziguquguqukayo S, uV kunye T liyindlela yobeko ezo amanani, leyo ngokwenene. Xa Yayizimele phantsi uhlobo ubhalo elitshintshayo kunye izinto. Yiyiphi e elipheleleyo. Xa inani uluhlu Z igcinwe, uhlobo apho iLizwi.

Phakathi izenzo ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe xa besebenza kunye uluhlu, ungakhetha i sabelo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba phantsi etafileni lonke liphela. Umzekelo, S: = uV. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba umsebenzi sabelo ukuze phantsi kuphela uluhlu "Pascal", nto leyo eye uhlobo oluthile.

Akukho luqhaqho okungakumbi ukuveza lonke uluhlu kwangoko. Noko ke, unako ukusebenza kunye iielementi kumgaqo nezinye amanani inkulumbuso ukuba uhlobo oluthile. Ukuze lokubhenela parameter ethile, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukhankanye igama uluhlu. Ngokusetyenziswa kwe kwizibiyeli ezisisikwere kuyimfuneko ukumisela isalathiso, leyo uphawu kwento efunekayo. Umzekelo: K [12].

Umahluko omkhulu ukusuka uluhlu ezinye eziguquguqukayo

Umahluko osisiseko phakathi amacandelo table kuqwalaselwa njengoko variables elula ukuba kwizibiyeli kuyenzeka ukubahlangula kuphela ixabiso index, kodwa ibinzana, nto leyo eya kukhokelela ixabiso olifunayo. Umzekelo ngqo dilesi kunokuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: V [K]. Ngaloo ndlela variable K uthatha ixabiso ethile. Kulo kulandela ukuba ungasebenzisa xa kuzaliswa umjikelo, inkqubo kunye uprinte ziyakhele uluhlu.

Olu hlobo mbutho zifumaneka kwimeko variables umtya ukuba basondele ngokwaneleyo kwiipropati zabo abaninzi, uhlobo ngubani Char. Kodwa kukho umahluko. Zezi zilandelayo:

1. ulwahlulo Umtya angasoloko angafakwa ukusuka keyboard kwikhusi kunye print.
2. eziguquguqukayo umtya kulinganiselwe ubude. Ungafaka ubuninzi oonobumba 255. Kucingwa kakhulu umthamo uluhlu 64 KB.

Ngokusebenzisa naziphi na iindlela anokuzuzwa data uluhlu kwi screen?

Ingqalelo kufuneka ihlawulwe umxholo output indlela uluhlu kwi kwidispleyi. Zazo ezininzi.

1. Writeln (A [1], A [2], A [3]). Lo mzekelo, nangona likumgangatho ophantsi, uyakwazi ukubonisa indlela umntu isicelo ngqo ngamnye isiqalelo etafileni ngamnye azalwa. Noko ke, ezinye iingenelo ukuba kwimiboniso kulwimi "Pascal" kwi izinto ezilula, awubonakali apha.
2. A1 Programme;
   Var B: Yakhani uluhlu [1..10] Of elipheleleyo;
   K: elipheleleyo;
   Qala
   Kuba K: = 1 10 Do {Eli qela acwangcise umjikelo parameter}
   Readln (A [K]); {Alawulwa ngurhulumente Kuvela A [I] ngokusebenzisa yezitshixo}
   Kuba K: = 1 10 Downto Do {Kukho udweliso itafile ukuze reverse}
   Bhala (A [K], 'VVV')
   End.

Loo inkqubo ikhowudi kwi kwimiboniso kwi "Pascal" ubonisa indlela ungasebenzisa i ikhiphedi bafake iinombolo-10, uprinte kubo, kulungiswe ngokutsha amaxabiso ukuze reverse. Ukuba udweliso lwenkqubo efanayo ngokutsha kunye nenani elikhulu eziguquguqukayo kwasendaweni ababakhe uluhlu, ngoko ikhowudi iya kwandiswa kakhulu. Oku kakhulu nzima inkqubo yokufunda inkqubo.

Ukwanda amandla ngenxa yokusetyenziswa amaqoqo

Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba bagcwalise itheyibhile kwabo ukuziphatha ulingana isikweri index lweziqalelo. Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba benze uluhlu enjalo umtya "Pascal", nto leyo eza kuvumela ukuba onke amanani sele wangena ngokuzenzekelayo. Njengoko ubona, ukusetyenziswa uluhlu kakhulu kwandisa ithuba ulwimi lokuprograma "Pascal".

umgca Ukwenziwa uluhlu kuyinto eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi. Ngoko ke akukho nto ungaqhelekanga yokuba leyo bayifundayo iikholeji kunye nezikolo. Ngaphandle amathuba athwale kwimiboniso ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo.

Yintoni into efihlakeleyo phantsi uluhlu okuntlandlo-mbini?

Omnye unokuthelekelela itafile enjalo, nto leyo nje imigca embalwa. Wonke line oyedwa iiseli ezininzi. Kwimeko enjalo, ukuze ikwazi ukubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuma iiseli, kufanele kuphawulwe akukho nanye index, njengoko kwakunjalo kunye kwimiboniso yomgama anababini - onamanani ethile umqolo kunye kwikholam. iimbono ezinjalo luphawulwa kwimiboniso emacala-mabini kwi "Pascal".

Indlela yokwenza inkcazo iitafile hlobo?

Loo nesakhiwo sedata efumaneka ngolwimi "Pascal" ukuze ugcine ixabiso le theyibhile kuthiwa uluhlu onamacala amabini. Inkcazelo yale uluhlu ngokukhawuleza usebenzisa iindlela ezimbini.

1. Var B: Yakhani uluhlu [1..15] Of Yakhani uluhlu [1..30] Of elipheleleyo;
2. Var B: Array [1..15, 1..30] Of elipheleleyo.

Kuzo zonke ezi meko ichaza uluhlu ezikumila kumacala mabini, nto leyo unemiqolo 15 nemihlathi-30. Loo nkcazelo ozinikiweyo ngasentla, bayalingana ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqalisa ukusebenza nayiphi omnye kwezakhi, indices ezimbini kufuneka yabelwe. Umzekelo, A [6] [5] okanye A [6,5].

Screen output iya kuba phantse ziyafana kwimeko uluhlu-liyajikeleza. Kufuneka kuphela ukucacisa ekwandiseni ezimbini. Kuzo zonke ezinye umahluko njengoko enjalo azifumaneki, ngoko uthethe ngayo ixesha elide ingafuneki.

Indlela yokuqala, owosindiswa ngawo wena Ungazisota

Ngamanye amaxesha ufuna ukuyisombulula le data. Ukwenza oku ngolwimi ke imiyalelo. Kukho ubuchule ezimbini, leyo senziwe uluhlu yokuhlela "Pascal". Intsingiselo indlela yokukhetha ngqo usendleleni yokuba, ngokuba yi iyalungisa ngokupheleleyo itheyibhile ngamnye Umjikelo bume iza kuthelekiswa namanye amaxabiso. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba kukho uluhlu lwamanani-15, inani lokuqala-1 uya inkqubo kuthelekiswa namanye amanani. Oku kuya kwenzeka kude kube mzuzu xa, umzekelo, kufunyenwe isici likhulu kunenani yokuqala. Emva koko, uthelekiso liya kuba kanye lomzobo. Ngoko ke kuya kuphindwa kude kube lelo xesha de ufumane element mkhulu ecetywayo bonke. Le ndlela elula ngokwaneleyo kwabo badwelisi benkqubo abo basanda kuqala ukusebenza ngolwimi.

Owesibini uluhlu yokuhlela indlela

Indlela yesibini - kwiqamza. Undoqo yale ndlela kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba kukho uthelekiso ngababini ezikufutshane. Ngokomzekelo, 1, 2, 2 no-3, 3 no-4, njalo njalo. D. Kwimeko ixabiso efunyenweyo iya ilingane ngokupheleleyo ubeko iimeko, ngoko ke uya kuxhoxha ekupheleni lonke uluhlu, r. F. kuvela "kwiqamza" . Le algorithm kakhulu kunzima ukukhumbula. Noko ke, musa ukuba uyigcine. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukuqonda lonke isakhiwo khowudi. Kwaye ngoko kuphela ibango ukuphumeza phezulu kakhulu kweenkqubo.

isiphelo

Siyathemba ukuba uqonde into eyenza kwimiboniso, kwakunye indlela apho Ungazisota ukufumana ixabiso ethile okanye ukuphumeza injongo ethile. Ukuba sele unyulwe ukuba yokusombulula ethile "Pascal" kwimiboniso abahlala apho indawo ebalulekileyo ingxaki, ngoko ukuze ifundwe kufuneka bahambe kakuhle. Ichaphazela izinto ezifana ubukho ulwimi kwinani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo eziguquguqukayo ezisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile lula yonke ikhowudi xa iyonke. Ma zithathwa amaxabiso esisiseko, izifundo apho kufuneka kwenziwe.