Lens: iintlobo lens (physics). Iindlela zokuqokelela, enombala mabasasazwe lens. Indlela ukufumanisa uhlobo lens?

Ezi lens bakholisa ukuba umphezulu ungqukuva okanye phantse ukulenza. Bangafika khaxa, phakathi okanye iflethi (radius yokungapheli). Ngaba imiphezulu ezimbini apho ukukhanya idlula. Baya zinokudityaniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukwenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo lens (photo enikwe kamva kweli nqaku):

• Ukuba zombini iindawo ezi khaxa (ngokwangaphandle egosogoso) kwisabelo esisezantsi liyajiya emiphethweni.
• Lens kunye amanqwanqwa khaxa kwaye phakathi kuthiwa meniscus.
• Lens nge kwindawo othe tyaba kuthiwa plano-phakathi okanye plano-khaxa, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo omnye kwinqanaba.

Indlela ukufumanisa uhlobo lens? Makhe sihlolisise le zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Ukuqokelela lens: iintlobo lenses

Kungakhathaliseki imiphezulu coupling ukuba ubukhulu babo kwisabelo esisezantsi umkhulu kunothe emiphethweni, zabizwa ukuqokelela. Yiba ubude entle ebalulekile. Ezi ndidi zilandelayo ziyahlangana lenses:

• plano-khaxa,
• biconvex,
• a concavo-khaxa (meniscus).

Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba 'positive ".

Ukunaba lens: iintlobo lenses

Ukuba ubukhulu wabo sokurhuqa embindini kunokuba emiphethweni, zibizwa kwelifu. Yiba elibi ubude. Kukho ezinye iintlobo uchithachitha lenses:

• plano-phakathi,
• biconcave,
• phakathi-khaxa (meniscus).

Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba 'ezimbi. "

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Umtha diverge ukusuka kumthombo ingongoma ingongoma enye. Zibizwa ngokuba msebe. Xa umqadi engena ilens, nomqadi ngamnye refracted ngokutshintsha indlela yayo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-umqadi nga uphume ilens kwi ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ezahlukeneyo.

Ezinye iintlobo lens ezamehlo ukutshintsha ulwalathiso imitha ukuze ukuba idibane kwindawo enye. Ukuba umthombo ukukhanya ilahlwe ubuncinane kwi kumgama focal, umqadi converges kwindawo apho, ubuncinane kumgama elifanayo.

imifanekiso Real virtual

Umthombo point wokukhanya kuthiwa into esebenzayo, yaye kwinqanaba Ukuhlanganiswa msebe imitha evela ilens, yinto umfanekiso esebenzayo.

Ukubaluleka ine uluhlu lwemithombo indawo kuka ngokuqhelekileyo kumphezulu othe tyaba. Umzekelo bomfanekiso iglasi emhlabeni, abasa ngasemva. Omnye umzekelo we filmstrip esikhanyayo ukusuka ngasemva ukuze ukukhanya kulo baluwela ilens, landisa umfanekiso kwiscreen flat.

Kule meko, vulavula hi moya. Point kwi kumfanekiso moya 1: 1 ixutyushwa amanqaku kwi-moya into. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo amanani kwijometri, nangona lo mfanekiso ngenxa unako wakhona ngokuphathelele into ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi okanye ekhohlo ukuya ekunene.

-Toe reyi ngaxa linye kudala umfanekiso wenene, kwaye mahluko - ngengqondo. Xa kuchaziwe ngokucacileyo kwikhusi - esemthethweni. Ukuba umfanekiso inye kungabonwa nje ngokujonga ngemehlo ukuya kumthombo wokukhanya, oko kuthiwa ngengqondo. Ukubonakaliswa esipilini - ngengqondo. A umfanekiso nga ibonwa iteleskopu - ngokunjalo. Kodwa ke ezayo kwekhamera kuya ifilimu unika umfanekiso lokwenene.

ubude

lens Focus inokufunyanwa agqitha ngaso kwavela reyi ngaxeshanye. Ingongoma apho, bebuthelene, yaye iya kugxininisa F. Umgama ukusuka yinqontsonqa lens kuthiwa ubude bayo ebalulekile f. ungatsiba kwimitha parallel ukusuka kwelinye icala yaye ngaloo ndlela ukufumana F macala omabini. lens nganye ezimbini F kunye f. Ukuba ibhityile kuthelekiswa ubude bayo focal, zifunwaEzokugqibela zidweliselwe malunga ngokulinganayo.

Divergence kunye Ukuhlangabezana

Lubonakala ngokuba lens entle ubude ziyahlangana ebalulekile. Iindlela olu hlobo lens (plano-khaxa, biconcave, meniscus) ukunciphisa imitha bephuma kuzo, ngaphezu kokuba ziye zancitshiswa oku. Iilensi abaqokelela ukuze kwakheke njenge yokwenene kunye nomfanekiso ngqondweni woku. Eyokuqala ukhandwa kuphela xa umgama ukusuka lens injongosenzi obungaphezu focal.

Lubonakala ngokuba ubude yehlukana lens ezimbi focal. Iindlela olu hlobo lens (plano-phakathi, biconcave, meniscus) imitha sobisi ngaphezu kokuba umtshato phambi kokuba kumphezulu wazo. iilensi Ukunaba ukudala umfanekiso yenyani. ukuhlangabezana isiganeko Kuphela xa imitha yelanga ebalulekileyo (ukuba idibane ethile phakathi lens kanye eyona icala) imitha benziwa Kungenzeka idibane ukwenza umfanekiso wokwenene.

umahluko ezibaluleke

Kufuneka uqaphele kakhulu ukwahlula ukuhlangabezana okanye divergence ye imiqadi ukuhlangabezana okanye divergence lens. Iintlobo lens kunye Puchkov Sveta isenokungabi njalo. Rays ezinxulumene into okanye umfanekiso indawo, kuthiwa eziphambukileyo ukuba "ukubaleka" waza convergent ukuba "bahlangane" ndawonye. Kuyo nayiphi na yafakwa inkqubo enombala enombala axis na umendo ray. Umqadi ecaleni esqwini udlula ngaphandle naluphi na utshintsho ulwalathiso ngenxa refraction. Ngoko ke, eneneni, kukho inkcazelo kakuhle esqwini optical.

Beam into ihamba kude umgama ukusuka axis woqondo kuthiwa ezahlukeneyo. Ke lowo ukusondela kuyo, kuthiwa convergent. Rays enxuseneyo axis woqondo, zezona ukuhlangabezana kwiqanda okanye divergence. Ngoko, xa wayethetha ukuhlangabezana okanye divergence le umqadi, oko ngamazinga kunye esqwini optical.

Ezinye iintlobo ze lens, nokwakheka leyo yokuba umqadi lowo baphambuke kangangoko nangakumbi axis woqondo, ziyaqokelelwa. Ukuba idibane ray idibane ngakumbi kwaye eziphambukileyo ihamba kude kangako. Bona bade bakwazi, ukuba amandla azo lukwanele le njongo, yenza inyanda ngaxeshanye okanye convergent. Ngokufanayo yehlukana lens linakho ukuyichitha rays ngakumbi yehlukana, kwaye ziyahlangana - ukwenza enxuseneyo okanye ezahlukeneyo.

iglasi ezenza nkulu

A lens nomphezulu ezimbini khaxa yatyeba embindini kunokuba emiphethweni, kwaye zingasetyenziswa njenge sokukhulisa elula okanye loupe. Kulo mzekelo, mkhanyo ukubuka umfanekiso wakhe ngengqondo, ezinkulu. Kwekhamera, Noko ke, ifomu umboniso okanye isivamvo eyiyo ngokuqhelekileyo zancitshiswa ubukhulu kuthelekiswa into.

zamehlo

Ukukwazi ilens ukutshintsha ukuhlangabezana ukukhanya kuthiwa ngamandla alo. Lubonakaliswa diopters D = 1 / f, apho f - ubude ngeemitha.

Xa lens ngamandla diopters 5 f =-20 cm. Oku kubonisa diopter wamehlo ukubhala iiglasi kagqirha. Ngokomzekelo, wabhala 5.2 diopters. Kwi workshop akugqiba workpiece uthathe diopters 5, okubangela-mveliso, kunye nentwana usile umgangatho omnye ukongeza 0.2 diopters. Lo mgaqo ukuba lens ezingcakacileyo, apho iinkalo ezimbini zikufutshane omnye komnye, uyabonakala ulawulo ukuba amandla abo zizonke kukuba isixa dioptre nganye: D = D ₁ + D _2.

yerediyo kaGalileo

Ekuhambeni kwexesha kaGalileo (ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII), uthi eYurophu zazifumaneka ngokubanzi. Baya bakholisa ukuba ziveliswe eNetherlands yaza yasasazwa nabathengisi esitratweni. UGalileo weva ukuba umntu saseNetherlands wabeka iintlobo ezimbini lens kwityhubhu, ukuba izinto ezikude ibonakale ezinkulu. Wasebenzisa lens iTelephoto Ikubuthe kwenye ekupheleni ityhubhu, kunye elifutshane ukuphosa kwelifu eyepiece kwelinye icala. Ukuba lens ubude elingana f _o kunye eyepiece f _e, umgama phakathi kwabo kufuneka f _o -f _e, kunye nomkhosi (ukukhulisa emboxo) f _o / f _e. Loo scheme kuthiwa UGalileo umbhobho.

Telescope uye ukwanda 5 okanye 6 yaseBhotsera, ezifana zizibonakude ngesandla-kubanjwa lwanamhlanje. Oku kwanele ukuba abaninzi umdla okubonwayo ngeenkwenkwezi. Uyakwazi ukubona lula i yimingxuma inyanga, nokuthwasa kwenyanga ezine kaZeyus, amakhonkco likaSaturn, izigaba Venus, amafu, kunye ezisebenzisanayo inkwenkwezi, kwakunye iinkwenkwezi wadinwa kumnyele wethu iMilky Way.

Kepler yerediyo

Kepler weva konke oku (yayilingana UGalileo) wakha uhlobo olunye lweteleskopu kunye lenses ezimbini ukuqokelela. Omnye apho ubude enkulu focal, lens, yaye apho lingaphantsi - lo eyepiece. Umgama phakathi kwabo ilingana f f _{e o +,} yaye ukukhulisa emboxo yi f _o / f _e. Le samaza Keplerian (okanye ngeenkwenkwezi) enze umfanekiso omfusa, kodwa iinkwenkwezi okanye nenyanga akunamsebenzi. Esi sikimu liye wasinika ngakumbi ukhanyiso yentsimi umbono ngaphezu ezinjengeetelescope ungowaseGalili, kwaba lula ngakumbi ukuyisebenzisa njengoko ivumela ukuba ugcine amehlo akho kwindawo esisigxina ubone yonke intsimi lwembono ukusuka kolunye udini, uye kolunye udini lwalo. Isixhobo ivumela ukunyusa ngaphezulu UGalileo ityhubhu ngaphandle ukonakala kakhulu.

Omabini la iiteleskopu bayahlupheka ukusuka aberration ungqukuva, nto leyo ngomfanekiso ayijonganga ngokupheleleyo, yaye aberration chromatic, nto leyo idala umbala fringing. Kepler (Newton) wayekholelwa ukuba ezi azinaziphene ngeke koyiswe. Abazange kusengaphambili ukuze kubekho iintlobo lens achromatic, nokwakheka eza kwaziwa kuphela kwinkulungwane XIX.

yerediyo ezibonisa

Gregory wacebisa ukuba njengoko ilens lungasetyenziswa nezipili iteleskopu, ekubeni kungekho fringing umbala. Newton wathabatha le mbono kunye wadala telescope Newtonian imilo isipili phakathi silvered kunye eyepiece entle. Wanika isampuli Royal Society, apho ikhona unanamhla.

Single-lens Array nga Project umfanekiso kumntu okanye ifilimu. Kuba ukwanda olufanelekileyo kufuna lens ngesikhuthazo umgama enkulu focal, yithini, 0.5 m, 1 m okanye iimitha ezininzi. Oku isoloko isetyenziswa kufota ngeenkwenkwezi. Abantu nowathwethwa ngokukhanya zisenokubonakala imeko ngamazwi apho buthathaka kujoliswe elide lens unika ukwanda ngakumbi.

sphere

Kuye Kucetyiswa ukuba iinkcubeko bamandulo ababenayo yerediyo, ngenxa yokuba benza amaso kancinane kwiglasi. Ingxaki kukuba ayaziwa sebenzisa ukuba, kwaye, kakade, ayikwazanga yakha isiseko iteleskopu elungileyo. Iibhola ingasetyenziselwa ukwandisa izinto ezincinane, kodwa umgangatho ngelo xesha kwakungekho ngokwanelisayo.

Ubude yinqontsonqa yayo iglasi kwisigaba ifanelekileyo lifutshane kakhulu kwaye yenza umfanekiso wenene kusondele kakhulu kwinqanaba. Ukongeza, aberrations (ubugqwetha zejiyometri) ebonakalayo. Ingxaki siyifumana umgama phakathi iindawo ezimbini.

Kodwa, ukuba uthe wenza ukuba kukho umsantsa sentshinyela obunzulu ukuvala imitha, ezibangela iziphene umfanekiso, kuvela khulu laliphakathi kakhulu kwi isohlwayo. Esi sigqibo yayanyaniswa Coddington, a sokukhulisa igama lakhe zingathengwa namhlanje xa magnifiers ngesandla-zabanjwa ezincinane ukufunda izinto ezincinane kakhulu. Kodwa ke ubungqina ukuba oku kwenziwa phambi kwenkulungwane ye-19, akukho.