Imbali kunye nentsingiselo 'ukuze kumila kumbi "

History of Russia ezininzi kwemimiselo iziganeko uphawu leyo ebangela ubunzima kubafundi. Elinye la magama yi yoTshintsho yonke i-odolo, kwenziwa XVII - XVIII iinkulungwane, indima zokucupha, kunye nebhunga lolawulo lesikolo.

Ukuntsonkotha umba kuxhomekeke into yokuba igama elithi "umyalelo" kwinkulungwane yokugqibela iye itshintshe intsingiselo yalo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abafundi abaninzi balahlekile, ke wayeyifundisiwe ngomlomo: "Ukwandisa iikhonsepthi ixabiso. Uguquka komyalelo -? Yintoni "Kule meko, impazamo esibi ukuzama ukuphendula umbuzo, esekelwe kulwimi mihla ?.

Igama elithi "umyalelo" - kukho imfuneko okanye igunya?

Ukuze ufunde intsingiselo "kumila kumbi ukuze 'ingqiqo kucaciswe indima ayidlalileyo ekubunjweni ubukhosi Russian, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuqonda imvelaphi elithi' umyalelo '. Dictionary Modern sicacisa ilizwi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ". Umyalelo, ngokuxhomekeke kumgwebo engqongqo" Noko ke, le amagama elaqanjwa kakhulu kutshanje. ERashiya, Noko ke, ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV, oko wabizwa ngokomyalelo abasemagunyeni esembindini abajongene inxalenye ethile ye neenkxalabo zoluntu. Ngoko ke, Prince Ivan Iii, igqibe ubunye izilawuli ezahlukeneyo Slavic, baguqula inkqubo yolawulo Russian ngokudlulisela imiyalelo kwabasemagunyeni olawulo - kwase zezinkonzo mihla. ukuze Ambassadorial, Local, Street, Pushkarsky nje ... With entsha inkqubo kwinkulu okanye ukumkani uncedisana, kodwa kude uPetros I aphele ukuba khona.

Ukubonakala Kumbi komyalelo

Eli gunya unetyala inkangeleko yayo kwiilali ezimbini ezincinane kufuphi Moscow - Semenovsk kunye yoTshintsho, nto leyo 1682 eBha- oselula Tsar uPetros kunye nomama wakhe. Lonke igunya buzinze ezandleni ibamba - Sophia, kunye iintsizi kuba uPetros sele yabelwe ezimbini webutho, "ehlekisayo". Phatha yonke imiba yezoqoqosho kunye nezinye zezi regiments ziye zatshintshelwa wadala ngokukodwa le njongo odolo Preobrazhensky.

Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, njengoko abaselula uPetros waqalisa inxaxheba kulawulo lizwe, le "funny" Ukuze nditshintshe indlela intsingiselo yazo. Benza kuye ngamabelana Peter oselula, bakhula iiplani zokuqala iinguqu ezinkulu, yaxoxa imfuneko amaphulo zomkhosi nxamnye eTurkey. Ukukhokela indlela uPetros A. wabeka omnye wabahlobo bakhe - Prince Fedora Yurevicha Romodanovskogo.

Kwimeko yokuqala onondiliseko Kumbi komyalelo

Ngowe-1689, Princess Sophia wazama ukumbamba igunya ngokupheleleyo nokumkanikazi abe. Oku kuye kwaxhaswa a regiments Royal wamisa eMoscow. regiments Funny, elikhokelwa inkosana Romodanovsky, lelwe edabini yakhe yokuqala kakhulu yaye waphumelela. Nozipho wathunyelwa Novodevichy Convent, kwaye kumila komyalelo lombutho lwamashishini amancinane iye yaba ngomnye abasemagunyeni ezibalulekileyo zoluntu. Kuye yaphathwa nezobupolisa eMoscow ekuphandeni mthetho olungenazipolitiki ngo-1698 waza wanikwa ilungelo elikhethekileyo ukugweba naziphi na izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye nokumkani okanye umbuso.

Yiyo lo mbutho enamandla ebukumkanini Peter I linyanzelekile eziliqela ekunciphiseni uqhushululu, intshutshiso yabadlali zezopolitiko uPetros egazi nokubulawa. Le mbono "Preobrazhensky" yaba igama, iminyaka emininzi ukunxulumana abantu amagumbi sentuthumbo endandikuyo ezoyikekayo kunye zife enogonyamelo.

Kodwa ke, enyanisweni, umsebenzi lo myalelo banzi kakhulu: ukuya ekudalweni yeeNgwevu 1711, yayinguye nebhunga lolawulo iphambili lizwe engekho kakumkani. Ngokomzekelo, ngoxa inxaxheba Peter mna Embassy Enkulu ukuba eYurophu yoTshintsho ukuze kulungiswe zonke iingxaki zangaphakathi.

Preobrazhensky indima abathintela musketeers kwimvukelo

Enye kwiimeko ezininzi kakhulu, nto leyo inxaxheba prince owayamileyo Romodanovsky, waba strelets mvukelo ngo-1698. Ithunyelwe (endaweni yokuphumla wathembisa) ukukhonza Enkulu Luke regiments engavumi ukuthobela imiyalelo. Kwaye bafudukela ukukhulula Princess Sophia - ". Ngenene kubo" leyo, ngokungafaniyo noPetros, Strelets qhankqalazo ngokumasikizi livunyelwe. Ngokuyalelwa uPetros abatoli abangaphezu kwama-300 baye babanjwa kwaye bancinwa e SVEZA yoTshintsho ukuze. Ukubaluleka kwesi siganeko ukwenzela uphuhliso Russia olugoso: emva Udushe ngo-1698 strelets umkhosi aye ohlulwa ayeka khona ngonaphakade.

Kulo lonke eli lizwe, yena ekulihloleni babevumelana musketeers. Uninzi lwabathabathi nxaxheba kwi qhankqalazo unyamalale kwizisele kokuguqulwa yonke i-odolo, nangaphezulu wabulawa esidlangalaleni kwi-Red Square, ukuze lakheke kwabanye. Esi siganeko kabuhlungu wayithimba Vasily Surikov e peyinta yakhe "Morning enze i Strelets '."

Ixesha Bukhosi era

Kwiminyaka elandelayo, i yoTshintsho of umyalelo baba ngakumbi kwaye central ngakumbi zokucupha negunya kwezomthetho. Ukususela ngo 1702 waqala apho abantu abaqeqeshelwe bonke "uthetha ukuba igama lobunganga" (oko kukuthi, waba ulwazi malunga sebali esondelayo okanye iincoko umbuso).

Ngowe-1718 iofisi ngokufihlakeleyo yasekwa eSt Petersburg, ezafumana imisebenzi Kumbi komyalelo ngasentla, yaye kwiminyaka embalwa kamva zombini ezi mibutho ziye zadityaniswa omnye. Kulapha ke, uPetros Paul Fortress, apho kwakukho ofisi ofihlakeleyo, waqhuba kwimeko Tsarevich Alexei - unyana Peter I, ngubani owatyholwa lokungcatsha. iindlela ngemibuzo ebandakanya sentuthumbo khange atshintshiwe ucelele Alexei Petrovich, nokuqiniseka sisisiwa ezantsi kamsinya. Noko ke, ngaphambi ngokubulawa yindlalifa kwitrone aye ahlale: NgoJuni 26, wafunyanwa efile kwisisele sakhe.

Le minyaka yokugqibela Kumbi komyalelo

Zonke Petrine umyalelo era kumbi yaba undoqo elo gunya. ENatyisiweyo amandla akhe ukutshintsha igama: kunjalo, ngowe-1702, umbutho owaziwa ngokuba okwethutyana "kwinkundla jikelele". Ekupheleni kobukumkani Peter I, lo umyalelo kwafuneka igunya ukufuna ugwebe amabanjwa ezopolitiko, ukuphanda amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ukwenza sokubulala, nkqu ukulawula ukuthengisa icuba. Endaweni Fedor Romodanovsky weza unyana wakhe, uIvan Romodanovsky, ukuze lukhokele umsebenzi umcuphi mthetho uye wabeka Andrey Ushakov.

Lose ukubaluleka ngumqondo kwabo uPetros kuphela emva kokufa kwakhe. UCatherine I uqambe umbutho i-Ofisi Kumbi, kugcinwe uninzi amagunya ayo. Kwaye ngo 1729 * uKhesare Peter II ekugqibeleni uyekwa igunya kokugxotha umqeshi wakhe ngokudlulisa wonke ishishini iNdlu Yeengwevu kunye neBhunga Ephakamileyo.