Ukuthembeka nokunyaniseka kovavanyo - yintoni na le nto?

* Ukuthembeka nokunyaniseka kovavanyo - ezi mpawu uphando olufanelekileyo neenqobo ezisesikweni nokuchaza umgangatho nokufaneleka ukuze zisetyenziswe practice.

Yintoni na ukuthembeka

Ngexesha lo vavanyo, uvavanyo luvavanya ukuthembeka rhoqo kweziphumo xa kuvavanywa kwakhona. data ukungangqinelani kufuneka abekho okanye ziyakungahoywa. Kungenjalo, akunakwenzeka ukubhekisela iziphumo zovavanyo ngokuzithemba.

Ukuthembeka kovavanyo - njengenyathelo leyo ebonisa ukuchana imilinganiselo. Njengeziyimfuneko le mihlaba ilandelayo kovavanyo:

• i reproducibility lweziphumo ezifunyenwe ekupheleni kwesifundo;
• izinga ukuchana iindlela yomlinganiselo okanye izixhobo engqinelanayo;
• uzinzo iziphumo kangangexesha elithile.

Awona macandelo aphambili zilandelayo zingahlukaniswa ekutolikeni ukuthembeka:

• ukuthembeka sesixhobo sokulinganisa (oko kukuthi lokufunda nokubhala umsebenzi uvavanyo kunye nomgomo), nto leyo ibe kuqikelelwa xa kubalwa inani elikhoyo ezahlukeneyo;
• nozinzo phawu phantsi ukufunda ixesha elide, kwakunye nakwiingqikelelo ezenziwayo kunye olugudileyo oscillation yayo;
• ngenxa yenjongo (oko kukuthi, ukuzimela salo esizithandayo le uphando).

izinto ukuthembeka

Ubungakanani kukuthembeka ingachaphazela inani lemiba embi, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo zezi zilandelayo:

• ubuchule abangafezekanga (ingxelo ebubuxoki okanye ngempazamo, amagama ezingacacanga imisebenzi);
• Ukungazinzi okwethutyana okanye kumahlandinyuka rhoqo ixabiso index leyo yeyona uphando;
• indawo ukungafani apho ukuze baqhube izifundo zokuqala-phindo;
• ukutshintsha ukuziphatha umphandi kwakunye kozinzo imeko test;
• indlela ayinyani xa kuhlolwa iziphumo zovavanyo.

Iindlela yokuhlaziya uvavanyo ukuthembeka

Le ndlela ilandelayo ingasetyenziswa xa kumiselwa uvavanyo ukuthembeka.

indlela kwakhona uvavanyo yenye yezona ixhaphakileyo. It ikuvumela ukuba ukucwangcisa iqondo unxulumano phakathi iziphumo zophando, kwakunye nexesha apho zaye zabanjwa. Le ndlela ilula nesebenzayo. Noko ke, ezi zifundo zikholisa ukuphinda izifundo ukuba kubangele ubuhlungu kunye ezingalunganga ngayo.

A indlela sokuhlola ukuyondelelana lwangaphakathi akuthethi ithathele ingqalelo ukuyondelelana afunyenwe iziphumo retesting. Useka ubuhlobo ngeempendulo ezanikwa eksperimenti enye. imibuzo Uvavanyo zahlulwe izintlu ezimbini (kwi umgaqo othile), kwaye ke ngoko abalwe ngumlingani unxulumano phakathi iziphumo.

Indlela iifomu zibhedlela ukusebenzisa imixube ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezahlukeneyo ukuvavanya imisebenzi, kodwa eli efanayo, imilo kunye neqondo nokuntsonkotha zokuphunyezwa. On ukuthembeka uvavanyo lubonisa efanayo okanye esondele iziphumo zifunyenwe kusetyenziswa isixhobo yokulinganisa efanayo okanye iifomyula azo. Ukuba iziphumo zahluke kakhulu, kusenokwenzeka ukuba egqwethekileyo ngabom okanye isifundo ayikho ngenkathalo kakhulu wasondela inkqubo yokuvotela.

Yintoni na wihi

Ukusebenza uvavanyo - luvavanyo egqiba ngokuchaneka nomlinganiselo. Sinokuthi ukuba sikhona isixhobo yokuhlola iimpawu ezithile kwengqondo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ikuhlole, iziphumo zovavanyo - njengekhrayitheriya edibanayo, ke ngabanye nomoya.

Ukungqinisiseka ingabonwa ngokwembono nemiba yeengcingane nesebenzayo. Kwimeko yokuqala sithetha indlela yokuhlola okanye izixhobo yokulinganisa. Njengoko le yesibini ukuqonda kakuhle ukunyaniseka, ngoko kufikwa ngenjongo yemisebenzi zophando. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba olu vavanyo zisenokwahluka ngokubonakalayo ovavanyo olufanayo, kuxhomekeka kuluhlu uvavanyo. Amanqaku asemajuku uyatshintshatshintsha 80%.

test zengqondo ukusebenza inokuba elithelekelelwayo ngokungqinelana zalathisi ubunjani okanye zamanani. Kwimeko yokuqala sithetha ukwenza izibalo. Ukuhlola ubugcisa eyenziwa descriptively, ngokusekelwe zombhali.

Types of ukusebenziseka test

Ukwahlula ezi ntlobo zilandelayo engundoqo semthethweni kovavanyo:

• ukusebenza noshowo uvavanyo - i header ezisetyenziswayo xa kuhlolwa uvavanyo ukuba isakhiwo oluneqela elinegunya (asetyenziswe kwi izifundo ngezenzeko ezintsonkothileyo kwengqondo);
• wihi bemfuno kubandakanya uthelekiso iziphumo zovavanyo kunye inqanaba lophuhliso kwisifundo kukho iimpawu ezithile ngokwasengqondweni;
• kugqiba wihi umxholo ohambelana ubuchule wafunda phenomenon, kwaye uluhlu parameters ukuba ivale;
• wihi axelwe - a Isalathisi esemgangathweni, nto leyo evumela ukuba uhlolisise ixesha elide ukhetho zophuhliso.

Types criteria semthethweni

Ukusebenza uvavanyo - le yenye izikhombisi, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kunye nokufaneleka iindlela ukulungiselela isifundo into ethile. Iikhrayitheriya ezine eziphambili ziyakwazi ukuchongeka ezinokuchaphazela ngayo:

• bemfuno artist (oko isakhono kunye namava umphandi);
• khrayitheriya luluvo (umlinganiselo kovavanyo ukuya into ethile kubonakala kwiziphumo lokugqibela test);
• iikhrayitheriya komzimba (ezempilo, ukudinwa, kunye nezinye iimpawu, enokuthi ibe nefuthe elikhulu kwiziphumo lokugqibela test);
• iingozi bemfuno (kwenzeka ekugqibeni amathuba isenzeko isiganeko esithile).

Le kwingongoma nganye wihi na umthombo elizimeleyo data malunga into ethile (ipropati ngokwasengqondweni), ogama uphando olwenziwe uvavanyo. Kude kube ngoko, de ikhangelwe iziphumo ukuhlangabezana neenqobo ayikwazi ndimangalelwa ngenxa semthethweni.

iimfuno ezisisiseko yeekhrayitheriya

criteria bangaphandle ezichaphazela wihi kwizalathisi test kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno ezingundoqo zilandelayo:

• afanayo kanye kwindawo apho sifundo siqhutywa, ukufaneleka kunye uxhulumaniso zesemantiki kunye nemodeli diagnostic;
• kungekho nayiphi na ingxolo okanye ngokukhawuleza discontinuities kwisampulu (ingongoma kukuba bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwi nokuhlola kufuneka athobele parameters pre-set, yaye abe phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo);
• parameter uphando kufuneka ethembakeleyo, rhoqo kwaye zaziswe utshintsho ngequbuliso.

Iindlela sokusebenza nokumisa

Ukukhangela le wihi iimvavanyo enokwenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi.

Ukuvavanywa ukunyaniseka elikhangeleka ngayo uvavanyo kuquka ukuhlola ukuthobela ukusetyenziswa eyenzelwe yona.

Uvavanyo ukunyaniseka Umxholo - oku test ndlela ubukho onke amacandelo afunekayo ukulungiselela isifundo olunzulu into ethile okanye into.

Uvavanyo ephathelene wihi lwenziwa kwimeko apho inani ukuhlola okwenziwa ukufunda i index ethile entsonkothileyo. Oku kuquka:

• Ukuqinisekiswa zokuhlangabezana ka - ekuhloleni iingqikelelo ukuhlanganisa ifunyenwe kusetyenziswa iintlobo ngeentlobo iindlela ezinzima;
• Ukuqinisekiswa eziphambukileyo leyo kukuba indlela akazange kubonisa uhlolo izinto nendaba akazalani isifundo esingundoqo.

Uvandlakanyo ukunyaniseka axelwe kubandakanya nokumisela amathuba okubonisa okunzulu ixesha elide index wafundela.

iziphumo

Ulwamkeleko lwamaphepha nokuthembeka uvavanyo - zizalathisi angqinelanayo ukuba ukunika yovavanyo ngokubanzi ukunyaniseka kunye ukufaneleka kweziphumo zophando. Ngokufuthi, bona bazimisele ngaxeshanye.

Intembeko ibonisa njani bangathenjwa iziphumo zovavanyo. Oku kubhekiselele kuvisisana phindwa nganye yovavanyo efanayo efanayo nxaxheba. Iqondo eliphantsi kukuthembeka sithethe ubugqwetha ngabom okanye indlela kukungakhathali.

Le ngcamango yokuba semthethweni kovavanyo ngenxa nomba esemgangathweni nokuhlola. Kuyinto umbuzo ukuba ngaba uvavanyo isixhobo ekhethiweyo ebonakalayo necacileyo engqondweni. Kukho ingasetyenziswa njengezalathisi ezisemgangathweni (ixabiso ithiyori) kunye neenkcukacha zamanani (ukubala we okuza echaphazelekayo).