Lo umqondiso enkondlo kwiincwadi

Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20 of nemifuziselo kwiincwadi iphawulwe uphawu ixesha kwinqanaba okhethekileyo. impembelelo zakhe kwezona eminyaka yokugqibela yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Umfanekiso kwiincwadi kunye neminqweno yakhe nobugcisa baze bulumko kuvuthwa sizoku lwisana indlela yezopolitiko eyalandela ngokoyiswa ukulwelwa olululo. Eli xesha ke kungekho kukhula lwentlalo. Kweli xesha nemifuziselo usaqala.

Literature, imibongo ngokukodwa, bakhathazekile ngesi sifo, ukuhla ngelo xesha. Imibongo, baphulukene amandla alo yangaphambili, amandla kunye nokuphakama, libunile yaye liphelelwe. Isixhobo mbongo ngokwayo ilahlekelwe ngamandla ayo kunye nobuchule lokwenyaniso.

Umfanekiso kwiincwadi abonakala wokumelana ukudinwa, umnqweno ukubuyela amandla ubomi bakhe, wathi igama entsha. E kwicala efanayo uye wabangela yokusabela elibi ukugxekwa Russian kunye izimvo zalo izinto eziphathekayo. Kamva waqala longquzulwano kunye mhlalutyi Marxist. Lo umqondiso lwembongi kwiincwadi wakhuthaza unqulo kunye yimibono.

Wabonakala kuqala intshukumo kwabonakala kwi ama nguDmitry Merezhkovsky, ukuqokelelwa yakhe yemibongo "Imiqondiso". Ngowe-1894-95. ngaphandle "ukugxeka Russian." Kule iingqokelela emithathu imisebenzi eshicilelweyo advantageously oselula Briusov Bal'mont. Kule misebenzi, omnye waziva umkhwa omtsha.

Ngo-Russia, kwabakho imiqondiso kwiincwadi akukho uyazimela West. neembongi Young walungiselela iqondo elithile eziphembelela IsiNgesi, French, imibongo waseJamani. Ngaphandle kokuba ngenye indlela waqonda Symbolist ucula kwintanda-bulumko Schopenhauer kunye Nietzsche, baye kwacaca kakhulu wakhanyela ukuba uxhomekeke esisiseko kwi uncwadi Western yaseYurophu. Bazama ukufumana iingcambu zawo kwi zomthonyama iincwadi, imisebenzi feta, Tiutchev, Fofanova. ngumba baba ukuseka uhlobo 'ulwalamano "kunye imisebenzi Lermontov kunye Pushkin. Ngokutsho Balmont, imiqondiso uye waphila ixesha elide. Wawuqwalasela Symbolists Calderon kunye Blake, Baudelaire kunye Edgar Allan Poe kunye nabanye.

Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ukusungula Tiutchev kunye nemiqondiso feta imifuziselo langoku. Ukongeza, malunga ikhondo elithile ubudlelwane kunye nenkcubeko yokomoya Russia, umhlaba yayo kungqinwa kukuba kwicala ayifile, kodwa kunoko, asakhasayo, zokubandakanya amandla amatsha esililini sayo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kumzekeliso Russian kwiincwadi evela West wayehluke kakhulu kabukhali. Oku kwakungenxa, ngokuyintloko, ukuba ngokomoya, ubutyebi, impumelelo kweli cala eRashiya.

Xa ixesha okuqala ukubunjwa flow Symbolist misebenzi rhoqo bemsinekela kwaye nkqu phantsi ukuba uhlekisa. Imbongi eqhotyoshelweyo igama waseKorinte, ngaloo ndlela nokuhlola imo yazo waseKorinte lithemba, a entsha exabisekileyo ngokukhawuleza, imvo ubomi lusenokungamkelwa. Noko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elandelayo okuzekeliswayo yaqala ukuma ngaphandle nje intshukumo zoncwadi kuzo zonke iinkalo ngokuqinisekileyo. Kwakunzima ukuba siphambanise ne kwezinye izenzakalo art, waqala ukuba ubuhle bayo, poetics, nokudaleka nokufundisa. 1900 iye yaba uhlobo amazwe - kweli xesha waqinisekisa "ubuso" of nemifuziselo kwiincwadi. Wamiswa kwakhululwa aqolileyo, zaveza ubuntu eqaqambileyo umbhali wencwadi Balmont "izakhiwo evuthayo" kunye nemisebenzi Bryusov "Lo» labalindi lesithathu ( «Tertia Vigilia»).

Kule ncwadi, intshukumo symbolist Kungenxa Romantics, ezibe ngokukhuthazwa bulumko ndinamaphupha, siyiqonda izandi ezincinane yonqulo indlela entsha. I Symbolists bakwazi ukufaka ngovelwano ukubonakalisa ingqiqo eqhubekela le ntlekele ezibuhlungu zentlalo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.