Luvo Cranial, 12 izibini: komzimba, imisebenzi itheyibhile

Imizwa evela kwi ingqondo kunye nokunabisa kulo, amayeza luchazwa luvo cranial okanye cranial (izibini 12). Bona innervate namadlala, izihlunu, isikhumba kunye namanye amalungu akhiwe intloko entanyeni, kwakunye nemingxuma esiswini kunye thoracic.

Makhe sithethe namhlanje ngayo ezi zibini kunye nezo iintshukumo zokwaphulwa kwemithetho ezivelayo kubo.

Types of imizwa cranial

Ngamnye uthe izibini luvo luchazwa ngegama inani yaseRoma ukusuka kweyokuqala ukuya kweyeshumi elinesibini, kuxhomekeka kwindawo yabo isiseko ingqondo. Bona zibekwe ngendlela ilandelayo:

1) ukuqgiba;

2) zokubona;

3) oculomotor;

4) block;

5) trigeminal;

6) kuyithumela;

7) ubuso;

8) Indlebe;

9) glossopharyngeal;

10) ukuzulazula;

11) izandiso;

12) sublingual.

Ezi iquke efferent kunye afferent yawo kunye umphakathi zabo ibekwe mbandela izimvi ebuchotsheni. Kuxhomekeka malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku luvo, zonke luvo cranial (ngababini 12) yahlulwe yovakalelo, motor exutyiweyo. Makhe siqwalasele nabo kule nkalo.

uhlobo oluhambelana

Eli qela libandakanya luvo ukuqgiba, ezibonwayo eziviwayo.

Imizwa ukuqgiba iinkqubo ukuba kwi isifo ngeempumlo. Ukususela lweHo- ngeempumlo, ukuwela ipleyiti igridi kwaye ezifanelekileyo ibhalbhu ukuqgiba, apho neuron wokuqala iphela kwaye iqala indlela engundoqo.

Zokubona pair iqulathe kwimicu osusela cone semehlo rod. Zonke luvo ziyinxalenye umphanda omnye em- cranial. Okokuqala, zakha yokunqumla, ngoko iphecana optic, isiqu ubuchopho circumferential fibre optic kunye namaziko zabaxhasi. Ngo-luvo lubandakanya Imicu malunga nesigidi esinye (axons ze-luvo ye-retina) yaye, ukongeza, iquka omnye ngaphandle lobufazi, lo gama enye - ngaphakathi. Nerve engena cranium ngomzila olubonakalayo.

Yi kwisibini yesibhozo luvo cranial bayaziva - 12 izibini kwabanye, ukongeza kwezi zithathu kwakucingwa ukuba injini okanye oxutyiweyo. Kule luvo eziviwayo ezilungiselelwe ukusuka nendlebe eziba. Kwimeko nganye kuzo engena vestibular kunye ingcambu cochlear. Baya kusuka indlebe eliphakathi kwaye ngaphakathi engile cerebellopontine.

iintlobo motor

Xa elinye iqela izibini 12 luvo cranial zezi oculomotor, block, ezongezelelweyo, sublingual kunye iplagi luvo.

Isibini wesithathu, ngamanye luvo oculomotor ziqulathe yawo, injini, kunye imicu parasympathetic. Zahlula-hlulwe amasebe eliphezulu nengasezantsi. Kwaye kuphela amasebe ephezulu kukho iqela motor. Bayinxalenye esihlunwini oku kuphakamisa ijwabu.

Kwiqela elilandelayo kuquka ukuvala luvo onokukhokela iliso ukuhamba. Ukuba sithelekisa zonke luvo cranial - bengababini 12 - ezi zezona noxhamla ubuncwane. Bona sivela ngumongo ukuya tegmentum, ngoko lisibekele isiqu ingqondo bangene orbit, innerviruya imisipha eliphezulu elibhalwe ngokumileyo apple lweliso.

Abducens zinxulumene ukwalathisa imisipha iliso. Zinelungelo engundoqo imoto emngxunyeni. Bephuma ingqondo, baya ithunyelwa fissure Orbital awongamileyo, innerviruya kukho iliso nemisipha tye.

luvo eyongezelelweyo sivela Oblongata Medulla kunye neendawo wesibeleko ze umnqonqo. Iingcambu ngamnye oxhulumene kwi shaft omolulela kumngxuma kwaye liyohluleka ngo amasebe yangaphandle nangaphakathi. isebe lwangaphakathi, nto leyo eye okuzenzela inxaxheba innervation kwe kwingqula kunye pharynx, olubotshelelwe ku-luvo vagus.

Ke wokugqibela ngababini 12 luvo cranial (Itheyibhile leyo kuba lula inikwa ekupheleni kweli nqaku) onxulumene enjinini, ngaba loo luvo hypoglossal. Imvelaphi yalo luvo yi fluid. Kodwa ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, kuye wabuyela, yaba lukakayi. Kucacile ukuba luvo lwemoto ulwimi. Roots ziyaphuma Oblongata Medulla uze uwele kwemithambo carotid uze ufake nezihlunu zeelwimi ihlukane amasebe.

imibono ingxubevange

Eli qela libandakanya trigeminal, ubuso, glossopharyngeal kunye imithambo vagus. Kwimithambo- luvo engumxube, ganglia apho, ezifanayo nezo ezisegumbini spinal, kodwa babe bengenazo iingcambu ngaphambili nangesemva. Zinelungelo injini kunye neendidi ifayibha oluvo ezihlanganiswe ngayo isiqu eqhelekileyo. Kwakhona, babe nje jikelele.

Thoba izibini 12 ezahlukeneyo luvo cranial. Ngaloo ndlela, ngababini wesithathu, wesixhenxe, yesithoba neyeshumi kufuneka imicu parasympathetic kwi kumacandelo output ukuba mayibhekiswe ganglia yawo. Abaninzi kubo zadityaniswa amasebe, apho imicu ezahlukeneyo.

I-luvo trigeminal eneengcambu ezimbini, apho elona likhulu ontununtunu kwaye ezincinane - motor. isikhumba innervation kubo kwenzeka kwiindawo isithsaba, indlebe nasesilevini. Innervation kwakhona inyathela conjunctiva neliso apile, Dura, imazi ibonakalisa - impumlo kunye nomlomo, amazinyo neentsini, kwakunye kwindawo engundoqo ye ulwimi.

luvo Trigeminal ibekwe phakathi cerebellar yonyawo, embindini, yaye ibhulorho. Imisonto uyingcambu ezibuthathaka ganglion lulele iphiramidi zexeshana kufuphi enkcochoyini oluthi luqokelelane ngokwahlula le laseDura. Bona ziphelela ngumongo luvo, nto leyo ibekwe emhadini, yaye kwasekwa indlela spinal, nokuqhubeka kwi Oblongata Medulla, ize emva koko ithunyelwe kwi-umnqonqo. Imicu Motor-luvo ingcambu efunyanwe ukusuka isiqalo trigeminal, leyo kwebhulorho.

Ukususela ganglion zimke upper-, umlomo, kunye luvo optic. Le yokugqibela echaziweyo sensitive, yahlulahlulwe nosoresnichny, ngokungqalileyo kunye iinyembezi. Innervation 12 cranial luvo ngababini iyahluka kuphela phakathi kwawo ngababini, kodwa avela amasebe. Ngenxa yoko, umthambo-luvo lacrimal innervates ikona zisecaleni iliso, edlula amasebe lacrimal ndlala secretory. I-luvo ngokungqalileyo, ngokulandelana, branched ebunzi kwaye onikezela ngayo isifo. Nosoresnichny kunikeza lweliso lakho, yaye kumka luvo Ilibele ukuba innervate lo isifo ngeempumlo.

Ngaba ontununtunu kwaye maxillary luvo ukwandisa fossa pterygopalatine kwaye phambi kobuso palatal-nayo. Ukusuka kwakhe owasungula luvo ephezulu alveolar ukuba ukuya amazinyo kwemihlathi yangasentla kunye intsini. I-luvo udlula phezu nemihlathi ze-luvo ganglion olungasemva impumlo ukuba isifo kunye nasopharynx. luvo ezi enovelwano kunye parasympathetic.

Ukuze uhlobo ezahlukeneyo yeyona luvo mandibular. Siqulathe ingcambu motor. amasebe zayo kuquka luvo buccal nokuhambisa mucosal eyiyo ushno-temporal innervating amaxolo kwiitempile neendlebe kunye zeelwimi, obubonelela incam kunye izithethi umva. luvo obuphantsi alveolar ixubene. Ukuhamba umhlathi asezantsi, oko iphela nasesilevini sakhe, eyayizalwa apha eluswini kwaye isifo lwanjengodini asezantsi. Amasebe ebotshelelwe ganglia yawo:

• luvo ushno-temporal - kunye Indlebe innervate le ndlala parotid;
• zeelwimi luvo - kunye ganglion unika innervation kwi amadlala submandibular kunye sublingual.

Ukuya phambili iquka injini kunye luvo sensory cranial. imicu Mixed ukudala mouthfeel. Ezinye Imicu innervate apha lacrimal kunye amathe kwamadlala, kunye nabanye - ngaphambili esithathwini-ulwimi.

luvo zobuso iqulathe kwimicu mafutha, ekuqaleni nasezimfanteni eliphezulu. Oku kuquka luvo eliphakathi eliphekwe neerhali parasympathetic. Ezinye nkqubo ganglion, ngenxa Imicu gustatory le luvo vagus kunye glossopharyngeal. Uqalo kwezinye nuclei amathe kunye lacrimal kufutshane engundoqo motor.

luvo zobuso iqala kumongo cerebellopontine ekujikeni, koko ngomzila phambi meatus eziviwayo. Kukho umtya kunye igubu, edlula umngxuma eqhagamshelwe luvo zeelwimi. Oku kuquka flavoring kunye parasympathetic imicu apho zifike ganglion submandibular.

Le nerve zobuso lukhupha iitempile ithambo kwaye yayibanjelwe esinobubovu parotid, apho intertwining. Ngoko ke amasebe yehlukana ngendlela fan-ezimile. Ngelo xesha, bonke innervated izihlunu ezinxulumene zokulinganisa, kunye nabanye. Branch entanyeni amasebe-luvo yobuso zibe izihlunu zakhe ongama.

pair Glossopharyngeal waqonda innervation namadlala lacrimal, inxenye ulwimi ngasemva, indlebe yangaphakathi kunye pharynx. Imicu Motor ngqo stylopharyngeus kwezihlunu kunye detrusor emqaleni kunye Ukuzibona - ukuba ingaba parotid ukuba ushnomu ganglion. Eziba ezi luvo, ngokwahlukileyo kwezinye nuclei leyo izibini 12 luvo cranial, zicwangciswe emhadini - unxantathu le-luvo vagus.

imicu Parasympathetic baqale amathe ngumongo. luvo Glossopharyngeal, ukusuka Oblongata Medulla kudlulela ulwimi kwisiseko. Ukusuka ganglion luvo iqala igubu ukuba imicu parasympathetic uqhebeke endlebeni ganglion. Okulandelayo, qala zeelwimi, mindalikovye kunye imithambo pharyngeal. luvo zeelwimi innervate ulwimi.

pair ebhadula iphumeza innervation parasympathetic kwi esisu kunye esifubeni kunye nentamo. Olu luvo ibandakanya motor kunye imicu nemizwa. Nantsi innervation inkulu. I-luvo vagus has a core ezimbili:

• amaphiko;
• iphecana wedwa.

Ukushiya ngasemva umnquma entanyeni, sihamba kunye neuro nemithambo iinyanda, uze emva koko branched.

ulwaphulo-mthetho

Dysfunctions bangaba zonke luvo cranial - izibini 12. Anatomy of kwimimandla echaphazelekayo lubonakala kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo umphakathi okanye emigodini. Ukwenza isifo, i olunzulu uhlalutyo iinkqubo intracranial zophendlo lwezifo. Ukuba sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi kuchaphazela elinye icala undoqo, neerhali, ukuba kungenzeka, oko kukwaphula imisebenzi nawuphi na ochaphazelekayo ngababini 12 luvo cranial.

izifundo Neuroscience, nangona kunjalo, kwaye iimpawu kwelinye icala. Emva koko kwafunyaniswa ukuba iindlela umonakalo. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba kwekhono le luvo oxhulumene kwaye ukudumba, cyst arachnoid, ithumba, malformations semithambo, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezifanayo.

Ilahleko ngaxeshanye izibini 12 luvo cranial, oko kukuthi, i-hyoid kunye vagus kunye glossopharyngeal, waziwa ngokuba efe bulbar. Esi sisifo eyingozi kakhulu, ekubeni kukho amathuba leengxaki amaziko ezibalulekileyo izikhondo ebuchotsheni.

Ulwazi indawo ngesimo sendawo luvo cranial ikuvumela ukuba ukuchonga kakuhle inxalenye nemxinwa sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi nganye. Ukuqhuba uphando, ziquka iindlela ezizodwa. Ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, namhlanje unako ukuyityhila zonke iinkcukacha kwimeko fundus, i-luvo optic, ukuba ukufumanisa endle umbono nakujoliso olutsha yelahleko. Uphando lwekhompyutha kuvumela eliphezulu-ngqo fumana indawo yonakele.

uphando ophthalmological

Le ndlela ivumela ukubhaqa izitenxo kwi oculomotor, ibhloko kunye imithambo efferent izibini ibonisa amehlo umsebenzi weentshukumo elinganiselweyo, exophthalmos degree zombini. Pathology okubonakalayo kunye luvo eziviwayo ezinokubangelwa ukuvala lomsele kwi yethambo okanye ngokuchasene noko, ukwandiswa yayo. Uphethwe wenza kwiindawo zokubeka aphezulu komzila, kwakunye ukakayi ezahlukeneyo iindawo.

Verterbalnaya and carotid angiography

Le ndlela ibalulekile ekuqondeni malformations nemithambo kunye neenkqubo intracranial. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi oluneenkcukacha ngakumbi kule miba iza kubonelela Itomography computer. It lucinga komboko luvo cranial, ukufumanisa ithumba isibini ebonwayo ekuva kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi.

rheotachygraphy

Ubunzulu ukufunda luvo cranial yenziwa Bulelani ukuba kuphuhliso kwale ndlela. Oku kugqiba urhulumente ehlafuna ezizenzekelayo kwimisipha umsebenzi bakope, izihlunu ulwimi, inkalakahla ethambileyo kunye nezinye izihlunu. Electromyography ikwavumela ukubala izinga Uhanjiso ngokwentshukumisa ecaleni komboko luvo yobuso, hypoglossal kunye into. Ukuza kuthi ga apha, uphando impendulo reflex blink ukuba kubonelelwe yi-trigeminal kunye luvo yobuso.

iimviwo luvo kunye iimpawu imithambo ezithile cranial

Le nkqubo lwenziwa ngendlela ethile. Kuthathela uphando luvo ukuqgiba. uboya umqhaphu ofakwe stimulus kuzisa ukuya womsindo yanjalo. I-luvo optic lwavavanywa ngenxa Uxilongo lwamehlo, apho, ukongeza kukwenzakala ngqo, abakwazi ukuba ukuchonga utshintsho eziziisekondari. Pathology wesinxibo elingakhuliyo, sisiba mandundu, ukudumba okanye luvo na zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo.

Izilonda alandelayo mathathu 12 ka-luvo cranial (oculomotor, trochlear nokudubula) ibe ngunobangela diplopia kunye strabismus. Kusenokwenzeka kwakhona kwenzeka ephezulu ijwabu ptosis, mydriasis, diplopia.

Ukungaqheleki ku pair yesihlanu, oko kukuthi, i-luvo trigeminal, okukhokelela ukugxagxiseka uvakalelo malunga inxalenye ubuso, apho zinqongophele khona. Oku kunokubonwa kwiitempile, ebunzi kunye cheekbones, amehlo, isilevu nemilebe. Kuyenzeka ukuba uziva iintlungu eziqatha, kukho irhashalala kunye nezinye ngayo. Ngenxa yokuba luvo yobuso kufuneka amakhonkco ezininzi, ngoko iplagi iphawulwa ezahlukahlukeneyo abasabela zophendlo lwezifo.

Kwimeko ephula luvo eziviwayo uyehla ukuva, glossopharyngeal - kakuhle novakalelo kwindlebe engaphakathi, lo hypoglossal - kuphela ngolwimi intshukumo. Kwimeko ye-luvo vagus iphuhlise ukushwabana inkalakahla ethambileyo kunye kwezwi. Kwakhona oko kungaphazamiseka isingqi intliziyo, yokuphefumla, kunye neminye imisebenzi visceral-kwezityalo.

Ukuphazamiseka Complex kunye luvo cranial (ngababini 12): anatomy, itheyibhile

Umsebenzi luvo linokugxojwa zombini yedwa kwaye zidityaniswe, kunye ezimbi ezahlukahlukeneyo ukakayi asezantsi. Ngoko ke, ukuba zonke luvo abachatshazelwa kwelinye icala kwisiseko cranial, intetho malunga syndrome Garcin. Xa nangezilonda lwamehlo ngethambo kunye kwizihlunu ezithambileyo kwenzeka syndrome ophezulu fissure Orbital. Xa izilonda obnyatelnogo nemithambo optic kuvela Kennedy syndrome.

Ezi kunye nezinye izifo kuvela zombini abadala kunye nabantwana. Ngokuba abantwana umonakalo luvo ingakumbi rhoqo ukuba anxulunyaniswa malformations.

Ngasezantsi isakhiwo apho umntu aqonde ngakumbi ukuba asebenze njani na luvo cranial (izibini 12). Komzimba (itheyibhile ngokusekelwe kulwazi yayo) kuya kukunceda uhambe nezo ngokusebenza kumaqela zabo ezahlukeneyo.

isiphelo

Siye sajonga zonke luvo cranial - izibini 12. Anatomy of umsebenzi itafile kweli nqaku sibonisa ukuba zonke luvo cherpno-Cerebral kufuneka isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo, ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene kunye nabanye. Kwaye ukuba umsebenzi kuphunyezwa etheni okanye akuzange kwenziwe konke, ngoko kukho Kukwaphula.

Kakuhle ukuze bafunde bonke luvo cranial (ngababini 12) itafile. Neurology, usebenzisa le datha, yaye ngoku i izixhobo ezizodwa mihla, wenza inkqubela ebonakalayo ubuchule isifo ngexesha unyango olusebenzayo zezigulane.